Here is a brief list of related recent publications:<i><br><br>Consistent influence of tree diameter and species on damage in nine eastern North America tornado blowdowns</i><br>Peterson, CJ<br>Forest Ecology and Management [For. Ecol. Manage.]. Vol. 250, no. 1-2, pp. 96-108. 15 Oct 2007.<br>
Are tree damage patterns in natural-forest windthrows predictable?
Here, I synthesize published and unpublished findings from nine North
American forest sites that were disturbed by tornadoes, to ask how well
tree damage patterns <br>
<br><i>Introducing tree interactions in wind damage simulation</i><br>Schelhaas, MJ; Kramer, K; Peltola, H; van der Werf, DC; Wijdeven, SMJ<br>Ecological Modelling [Ecol. Model.]. Vol. 207, no. 2-4, pp. 197-209. 10 Oct 2007.<br>
Wind throw is an important risk factor in forest management in
North-western Europe. In recent years, mechanistic models have been
developed to estimate critical wind speeds needed to break or uproot
the average tree of a forest<br>
<i><br>A GIS-based decision support system for risk assessment of wind damage in forest management</i><br>Zeng, Hongcheng; Talkkari, Ari; Peltola, Heli; Kellomaeki, Seppo<br>Environmental Modelling & Software [Environ. Model. Software]. Vol. 22, no. 9. Sep 2007.<br>
... built for assessing the short- and long-term risk of wind damage in
boreal forests. This was done by integrating a forest growth model SIMA
and a mechanistic wind damage model HWIND into geographical information
system software <br>
<br><i>The stability of different silvicultural systems: a wind-tunnel investigation.</i><br>Gardiner, B.; Marshall, B.; Achim, A.; Belcher, R.; Wood, C.<br>Forestry., vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 471-484, Dec 2005<br>We
report on a wind-tunnel study with 1 : 75 scale model trees designed to
examine the influence of canopy structure on the formation of turbulent
gusts above forests. This was to test the hypothesis that more
irregular canopy structures ...<br>
<i><br>Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species</i><br>Vollsinger, Stephan; Mitchell, Stephen J; Byrne, Kenneth E; Novak, Michael D; Rudnicki, Mark<br>Canadian
Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere
[Can. J. For. Res./Rev. Can. Rech. For.]. Vol. 35, no. 5, pp.
1238-1249. May 2005.<br>
Understanding tree susceptibility to wind damage is central to natural
disturbance and succession studies. Susceptibility depends on the wind
loads experienced by trees and their ability to resist these loads. ...
<br><i><br>
Trees and wind: a practical consideration of the drag equation velocity exponent for urban tree risk management.</i><br>Cullen, S.<br>Journal of arboriculture., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 101-113, May 2005<br><br><i>Modelling the vulnerability of balsam fir forests to wind damage</i><br>
Achim, A; Ruel, JC; Gardiner, BA; Laflamme, G; Meunier, S<br>Forest Ecology and Management, 204 (1) pp. 35-50, 2005<br>Wind
causes significant damage to forests in central Que(acute)bec, and with
the current move to more refined silvicultural practices, concerns are
increasing. This study investigates the mechanisms of windthrow
resistance ... <br>
<br><i>Development of an individual tree-based mechanical model to predict wind damage within forest stands</i><br>Ancelin, P; Courbaud, B; Fourcaud, T<br>Forest Ecology and Management [For. Ecol. Manage.]. Vol. 203, no. 1-3, pp. 101-121. 13 Dec 2004.<br>
Models predicting forest stand wind-firmness are usually based on the
calculation of a critical wind speed above which the mean tree of a
stand is broken or uprooted. This approach is well adapted to regular
stands, ... <br>
<br><i>Does steep terrain influence tree stability? A field investigation</i><br>Nicoll, Bruce C; Achim, Alexis; Mochan, Shaun; Gardiner, Barry A<br>Canadian
Journal of Forest Research/Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere
[Can. J. For. Res./Rev. Can. Rech. For.]. Vol. 35, no. 10, pp.
2360-2367. Oct 2005.<br>
... was quantified by measuring load, stem angle, and tree dimensions.
Trees on the slope were overturned upslope, downslope, or across-slope.
Critical turning moments were calculated around the tree base and the
actual hinge point. ... <br>
<br><i>A generic 3D finite element model of tree anchorage integrating soil mechanics and real root system architecture</i><br>Dupuy, LX; Fourcaud, T; Lac, P; Stokes, A<br>American Journal of Botany, 94 (9) pp. 1506-1514, 2007<br>
... root system architectures were represented in a 3D soil. The model
was used to simulate tree overturning during wind loading, and results
compared with real data from two poplar species (Populus trichocarpa
and P. deltoides). These trees ..<br>
<br><i>Storm disturbance in forest ecosystems in Estonia</i><br>Ilisson, T; Metslaid, M; Vodde, F; Jo(tilde)giste, K; Kurm, M<br>Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 20 (SUPPL.) pp. 88-93, 2005<br>...
with respect to tree diameter, height, species and soil conditions. The
data were collected from plots located in storm-damaged forests in
eastern Estonia. The probability of uprooting increased with increasing
diameter for Norway spruce, ...<br>
<br>Catherine Kavassalis<br>Oakville Heritage Trees<br><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Jan 28, 2008 4:46 PM, Ian Wilson <<a href="mailto:IWilson@kelowna.ca" target="_blank">IWilson@kelowna.ca</a>> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
<div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">Hi
all,</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">I've been approached
by a meteorologist who is looking at trying to link wind speeds to thresholds,
or a range of thresholds, where tree damage is commonly seen. I passed on
a good review article by Dr. Kim Coder on the subject, <span><font color="#0000ff" face="Arial" size="2"><a href="http://www.urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/storm-wind-loads-on-trees/at_download/file_name" target="_blank">http://www.urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/storm-wind-loads-on-trees/at_download/file_name</a></font></span></font></span></div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">but he's also
looking for input from other foresters or arborists.</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">If you have some
observations or data on the subject, please pass them on to me, and I will
forward them. Below is some more information on what he is looking
for.</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">thanks,
</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">Ian
Wilson</font></span></div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">City of
Kelowna</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">--------------------------------------------------------------</font></span></div>
<div><span></span> </div>
<div><span><span lang="en-us"><font face="Arial" size="2"> Currently I am working on a project that is
trying to link impacts to wind speeds. Specifically the Meteorological Service
of Canada is trying to come up with some impact statements to go along
with the meteorological numbers that we use in our worded forecasts and
warnings. This recognizes that fact that forecasts that give the wind speed in
km/h are not easily translated by members of the public into the impacts that
the wind may have. Since wind has a big impact on the City of Kelowna
Parks dept' I wonder if you could help us out by letting us know that the
impacts are for various wind speeds. What type of damage would you
associate with a</font> <font face="Arial" size="2">50-70 km/h wind, a 70-80 km/h/ wind, a 90-100 km/h wind and
winds greater than 100 km/h (gusts included). Do you have any sense of this or
have you ever tried to quantify it? Perhaps you have an idea based on the
number of crews that have to be called in to clear fallen trees and
debris. Perhaps it is not just wind speed that is important, but
considerations such as wind direction, how wet it has been, whether trees are in
leaf or not etc.</font></span>
<p><span lang="en-us"><font face="Arial" size="2"> To use an example
we have heard from municipal parks people that tree branches start to break off
with winds gusting to 70 km/h. The storm of November 12th 2007 produced
wind of 90 km/h in Penticton uprooting mature trees and causing widespread power
outages and the evacuation of some neighbourhoods. Any information that you have
along on the impacts that certain speeds of wind have would be greatly
appreciated.</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="en-us"><font face="Arial" size="2"> If you have any questions or
please do not hesitate to give me a call.</font></span> </p><br>
<p><span lang="en-ca"><b><font color="#000080" face="Arial">Gabor
Fricska</font></b></span> <br><span lang="en-ca"><font color="#000080" face="Arial" size="2">Sector Development Meteorologist</font></span> <br><span lang="en-ca"><font color="#000080" face="Arial" size="2">Environment Canada</font></span> <br>
<span lang="en-ca"><font color="#000080" face="Arial" size="2">National Services Office -
Natural Resources</font></span> </p>
<p><span lang="en-us"><font color="#000080" face="Arial">3140 University
Way</font></span> <br><span lang="en-us"><font color="#000080" face="Arial">Kelowna
BC</font></span> <br><span lang="en-us"><font color="#000080" face="Arial">Tel
(250) 491-1517</font></span> <br><span lang="en-us"><font color="#000080" face="Arial">Fax (250) 491-1506</font></span><span lang="en-ca"></span>
</p></span></div></div>
</blockquote></div><br>
<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Jan 30, 2008 8:24 AM, <<a href="mailto:JHashemi@oakville.ca">JHashemi@oakville.ca</a>> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Hi Ian,<br><br>Dr. Kim Coder's researches published by University of Georgia in 2000 under<br>" Tree biomechanics Series" is also a comprehensive collection on this<br>subject.<br><br>Here are some of the subjects in this series of articles:<br>
Tree fall distance estimate, Sept 2000<br> Tree heights and force of fall. Sept 2000<br> Estimating wind forces on tree crowns, Sept 2000<br> Critical force for buckling tree stems, Sept 2000.<br><br>Check this website for the articles:<br>
<a href="http://www.forestry.uga.edu/warnell/service/library" target="_blank">www.forestry.uga.edu/warnell/service/library</a><br><br>Jalil Hashemi<br>Town of Oakville<br><br><br><br> Jalil Hashemi, R.P.F.,<br> Certified Arborist<br>
Municipal Tree Protection<br> Inspector<br> Forestry Section, Parks & Open<br> Space Department<br> <a href="mailto:jhashemi@oakville.ca">jhashemi@oakville.ca</a><br><br> Central Operations Mailing Address:<br>
1140 South Service Road West Town of Oakville<br> Oakville, Ontario, L6L 5T7 P.O. Box 310, 1225 Trafalgar Road<br> Tel. (905) 845-6601, Ext: 2855 Oakville, Ontario, L6J 5A6<br> <a href="http://www.oakville.ca" target="_blank">www.oakville.ca</a><br>
Fax: (905) 338-4227<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> "Burleton, Mark"<br> <MBurleto@ncc-ccn<br> .ca> To<br>
Sent by: <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net">canufnet@list.web.net</a>><br> canufnet-bounces@ cc<br> <a href="http://list.web.net" target="_blank">list.web.net</a><br>
Subject<br> [CANUFNET] Tree and wind<br> 01/29/2008 12:40<br> PM<br><br><br> Please respond to<br>
Canadian Urban<br> Forest Network<br> <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.we">canufnet@list.we</a><br> <a href="http://b.net" target="_blank">b.net</a>><br><div><div>
</div><div class="Wj3C7c"><br><br><br><br><br><br>Hi Ian . I believe there is recent research by Scott Cullen from ASAC<br>on wind damage and the work by Claus Mattheck and Helge Breloer during<br>their initial research published in Arboricultural Association (UK)<br>
journal in the early 90s. I will see if I have copies to be more<br>specific and get back to you.<br><br>Mark Burleton<br>Ottawa<br><br><br>-----Original Message-----<br>From: <a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net">canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a><br>
[mailto:<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net">canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>] On Behalf Of<br><a href="mailto:canufnet-request@list.web.net">canufnet-request@list.web.net</a><br>Sent: Tuesday, January 29, 2008 12:00 PM<br>
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<br>When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific<br>than "Re: Contents of CANUFNET digest..."<br><br><br>Today's Topics:<br><br> 1. Trees and wind (Ian Wilson)<br><br><br>----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>Message: 1<br>Date: Mon, 28 Jan 2008 13:46:19 -0800<br>From: "Ian Wilson" <<a href="mailto:IWilson@kelowna.ca">IWilson@kelowna.ca</a>><br>Subject: [CANUFNET] Trees and wind<br>To: <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net">canufnet@list.web.net</a>>, <<a href="mailto:urbNRnet@LIST.TREELINK.ORG">urbNRnet@LIST.TREELINK.ORG</a>><br>
Message-ID:<br><br><<a href="mailto:63C8F69A3250564AAAEE162EF144217F0D0B0EE1@kelexchange.city.kelowna.bc.ca">63C8F69A3250564AAAEE162EF144217F0D0B0EE1@kelexchange.city.kelowna.bc.ca</a><br>><br><br>Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"<br>
<br>Hi all,<br><br>I've been approached by a meteorologist who is looking at trying to link<br>wind speeds to thresholds, or a range of thresholds, where tree damage<br>is commonly seen. I passed on a good review article by Dr. Kim Coder on<br>
the subject,<br><a href="http://www.urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/storm-wind-loads-on-trees/at_download/file_name" target="_blank">http://www.urbanforestrysouth.org/resources/library/storm-wind-loads-on-<br>trees/at_download/file_name</a><br>
but he's also looking for input from other foresters or arborists.<br><br>If you have some observations or data on the subject, please pass them<br>on to me, and I will forward them. Below is some more information on<br>
what he is looking for.<br><br>thanks,<br><br>Ian Wilson<br>City of Kelowna<br><br>--------------------------------------------------------------<br><br> Currently I am working on a project that is trying to link impacts<br>
to wind speeds. Specifically the Meteorological Service of Canada is<br>trying to come up with some impact statements to go along with the<br>meteorological numbers that we use in our worded forecasts and warnings.<br>This recognizes that fact that forecasts that give the wind speed in<br>
km/h are not easily translated by members of the public into the impacts<br>that the wind may have. Since wind has a big impact on the City of<br>Kelowna Parks dept' I wonder if you could help us out by letting us know<br>
that the impacts are for various wind speeds. What type of damage would<br>you associate with a 50-70 km/h wind, a 70-80 km/h/ wind, a 90-100 km/h<br>wind and winds greater than 100 km/h (gusts included). Do you have any<br>
sense of this or have you ever tried to quantify it? Perhaps you have<br>an idea based on the number of crews that have to be called in to clear<br>fallen trees and debris. Perhaps it is not just wind speed that is<br>important, but considerations such as wind direction, how wet it has<br>
been, whether trees are in leaf or not etc.<br><br> To use an example we have heard from municipal parks people that<br>tree branches start to break off with winds gusting to 70 km/h. The<br>storm of November 12th 2007 produced wind of 90 km/h in Penticton<br>
uprooting mature trees and causing widespread power outages and the<br>evacuation of some neighbourhoods. Any information that you have along<br>on the impacts that certain speeds of wind have would be greatly<br>appreciated.<br>
<br> If you have any questions or please do not hesitate to give me a call.<br><br><br><br>Gabor Fricska<br>Sector Development Meteorologist<br>Environment Canada<br>National Services Office - Natural Resources<br><br>3140 University Way<br>
Kelowna BC<br>Tel (250) 491-1517<br>Fax (250) 491-1506<br><br>-------------- next part --------------<br>An HTML attachment was scrubbed...<br>URL:<br><a href="http://list.web.net/archives/canufnet/attachments/20080128/d3ea18a6/attachment-0001.htm" target="_blank">http://list.web.net/archives/canufnet/attachments/20080128/d3ea18a6/atta<br>
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