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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>I think this question of “where did the 40% canopy cover”
value come from, as raised by Dale, is an very important one. My guess is
that it has been passed along from an estimate that American Forests came up
with. However, when pressed, even AF admits that “one size doesn’t
fit all”. I am concerned that this new-found interest in increasing
canopy cover to some magic number is, in fact, setting urban forest management
back! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Some food for thought:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Such numbers are seldom based on an understanding of what the
community’s carrying capacity is, so we assume there is room to achieve
40%. Perhaps this might be theoretically possible in many communities but
WHERE is the 40% (what land-use type, what ownership, is it strategically
located, etc.)?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Since most of our urban forest is on private property, reaching
meaningful canopy cover targets means that we will have to rely heavily on the
private sector not only to establish trees but to TAKE CARE OF THEM for many
decades. Do the communities proposing dramatic increases in canopy cover
have well-developed community engagement programmes to deliver on this? I
have yet to see one even getting close.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>3)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Expansion of canopy cover is highly sensitive to mortality
rates. What is the mortality rate in your municipality? If we are to
increase canopy cover (often by breathtaking amounts) we surely must have some
idea of how quickly we are LOSING cover? I often hear communities state
that they have planted X number of trees this year, how often is that number
accompanied by the number of trees removed. Oh, and remember, planting a
60 mm B&B doesn’t account for removing a 900 mm veteran. We don’t
have any meaningful estimates of mortality rates that I am familiar with.
Numbers can be picked out of thin air or educated guesses can be made, but do
we have any scientifically-based mortality rates? That is just mortality
given the usual rigors of city life for trees. When we factor in climate
change, invasive insects, infill development, etc. ……<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>4)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Planting may cost $600 per tree but that isn’t the cost of
the tree. Perhaps we should be suggesting that no tree be planted on city
property unless there is a long-term commitment from council to provide the
resources needed AT LEAST to ensure that the tree lives long enough to
contribute to the environmental, social and economic well-being of the
community. Clearly, that takes some time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>But surely proposing expanding canopy cover can’t be a bad
thing for our urban forests! I’m not so sure. I believe we are in a
serious dilemma. It seems that politicians and others are finally
recognizing that urban forests are important and need support. But the “40%”
solution or the “expand canopy cover” approach is a painful
oversimplification of what is needed! The trees that already exist,
especially the large ones, are the ones that are contributing to the social,
economic and environmental quality of our communities. (On that note, does
the community even have a tree inventory to indicate the current status of the
urban forest – not the municipal forest but the entire urban forest?). There
seems to be an ever-increasing head-long rush to increase canopy cover with,
what appears to be little regard for the issues I raised above. Remember,
canopy cover alone tells us very little about the state of our urban forests
(nothing about species diversity, size class distribution, tree condition,
etc.). This simplistically appealing approach, I fear, will shift any
focus from meaningful urban forest management/stewardship to a programme of
tree planting. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>If your council wants to dramatically increase canopy cover I
suggest you first ask them why. Then, if you are convinced they really know, insist
that this programme to theoretically increase canopy cover is funded only after
your budgets to sustain the existing canopy are secure. Then ask them to
guarantee that resources will be available to sustain the trees to be planted
in this expansion programme not for a few years after the guarantee but right
up to and including the removal of the big stump that will be left after a BIG
tree finally must come down.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Of course we must plant trees and yes canopy cover is one
convenient but simplistic measure of the extent of our urban forests, but it is
incumbent upon us as urban forestry professionals and stewards to make sure
that policy makers don’t dumb-down the issues to such a degree that
the real tasks are left floundering and, after all the money is spent and the silver-plated
shovels have been put away, the urban forest is less well-off.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Sorry for frothing at the mouth and the run –on sentences,
but I was on a roll!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Andy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:normal'><b><span
style='font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span
style='font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Leadbeater, Dale<br>
<b>Sent:</b> March 17, 2009 6:33 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> canufnet@list.web.net<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] CANUFNET Digest, Vol 52, Issue 6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left'><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Hello:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>I am working on a plan for the City of
Vaughan that is targeting 40% canopy cover, including urban street trees as
well as forest within the core natural heritage network. We have prepared
a draft document that provides the justification for an outcomes based approach
to planning and are in the initial stages of developing policy. I expect
that models like the City of Toronto Ravine By-Law will be most helpful in
pushing the envelope to greater forest cover. We are linking forest cover
to ecosystem services in order to increase value to the developer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Do you have a justification for the
40%? How did the recommendation come about? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Dale Leadbeater, B.Sc., B.Ed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Senior Biologist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>AECOM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>300 Town Centre Blvd., Suite 300<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Markham, ON L3R 5Z6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>(905) 477 8400 ext. 229<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>dale.leadbeater@aecom.com<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Does anyone have a comprehensive plan
developed for their city to increase <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>the canopy cover? The Brantford City
Council has directed us to develop a <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>plan to get to 40% canopy cover for the
entire city. We have begun to <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>assess canopy cover and we conclude that
our blvd trees contribute 5% to <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>the canopy cover of Brantford. Is
anyone else working on a similar <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>project? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Brian Geerts <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Urban Forestry Technician<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>City of Brantford <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Parks & Recreation Department<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>1 Sherwood Drive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Brantford, ON
N3T 1N3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>519.756.1500 x5511<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>Fax 519.756.4893 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><span lang=EN-CA>bgeerts@brantford.ca<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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