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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'>A point to consider in this 40% discussion is how much vegetation
canopy will ultimately be required for the future of a community? Consideration
should be given to vegetative canopy depletion through urbanization (we all
know too well what happens when development occurs) and possibly climate changes
that can be quantified today. Decision makers understand both things. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'>If our climate is changing, locally or globally, what would
be the ramifications to your own local community based on environmental
predictions put forth by local experts with the information available today?
Would 40% be enough, or not enough, to offset the effects of climate change? Consider
predictions which include increased rainfall/erosion, drought conditions,
hotter days, colder days or more violent wind event days.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'>A while back I did a satellite based data analysis of <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Winnipeg</st1:place></st1:City>’s tree
canopy cover (aka total vegetative cover above ground level) and computer model
of same. Canopy cover ranged between <5% to just over 80% with an average of
around 20%. The latter figure means absolutely nothing! In the minimal canopy
area I feel the heat and the cold wind. I would like to see more trees planted
for those neighbourhoods. In the maximum canopy areas I feel cool in summer and
warmer in winter (I want to live there) but it means major landscape maintenance
costs! <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'>Municipally initiated and planned tree plantings on boulevards
and in parks started in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Winnipeg</st1:place></st1:City>
in the 1920’s but I doubt that any more than the shade value and gothic
arch look were considered. Today, through education, knowledge sharing and lots
hard dedicated work, planting is seen as a valuable worthwhile effort that most
citizens can agree on. Our Urban Forestry Branch has gained the respectful ear
of decision makers and our citizens (that took about 35 years). I feel it is
now up to us to put forward the best urban forest plan for the future because
that is what our staff does for a living!<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;color:navy'>-gerry<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:normal'><b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;
font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:Tahoma'> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b>Andy Kenney<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> March 17, 2009 8:14 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> '<st1:PersonName w:st="on">Canadian
Urban Forest Network</st1:PersonName>'<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [CANUFNET] Canopy Cover</span></font><font
size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left'><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>I think this
question of “where did the 40% canopy cover” value come from, as
raised by Dale, is an very important one. My guess is that it has been
passed along from an estimate that American Forests came up with.
However, when pressed, even AF admits that “one size doesn’t fit
all”. I am concerned that this new-found interest in increasing
canopy cover to some magic number is, in fact, setting urban forest management
back! <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>Some food for
thought:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1)<font
size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color="#1f497d"
face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#1F497D'>Such numbers are seldom based on an understanding of what the
community’s carrying capacity is, so we assume there is room to achieve
40%. Perhaps this might be theoretically possible in many communities but
WHERE is the 40% (what land-use type, what ownership, is it strategically
located, etc.)?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
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size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color="#1f497d"
face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#1F497D'>Since most of our urban forest is on private property, reaching
meaningful canopy cover targets means that we will have to rely heavily on the
private sector not only to establish trees but to TAKE CARE OF THEM for many
decades. Do the communities proposing dramatic increases in canopy cover
have well-developed community engagement programmes to deliver on this? I
have yet to see one even getting close.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3)<font
size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color="#1f497d"
face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#1F497D'>Expansion of canopy cover is highly sensitive to mortality
rates. What is the mortality rate in your municipality? If we are to increase
canopy cover (often by breathtaking amounts) we surely must have some idea of
how quickly we are LOSING cover? I often hear communities state that they
have planted X number of trees this year, how often is that number accompanied
by the number of trees removed. Oh, and remember, planting a 60 mm
B&B doesn’t account for removing a 900 mm veteran. We don’t
have any meaningful estimates of mortality rates that I am familiar with.
Numbers can be picked out of thin air or educated guesses can be made, but do
we have any scientifically-based mortality rates? That is just mortality
given the usual rigors of city life for trees. When we factor in climate
change, invasive insects, infill development, etc. ……<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4)<font
size=1 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font size=2 color="#1f497d"
face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:#1F497D'>Planting may cost $600 per tree but that isn’t the cost of
the tree. Perhaps we should be suggesting that no tree be planted on city
property unless there is a long-term commitment from council to provide the
resources needed AT LEAST to ensure that the tree lives long enough to
contribute to the environmental, social and economic well-being of the
community. Clearly, that takes some time.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>But
surely proposing expanding canopy cover can’t be a bad thing for our
urban forests! I’m not so sure. I believe we are in a serious
dilemma. It seems that politicians and others are finally recognizing
that urban forests are important and need support. But the “40%”
solution or the “expand canopy cover” approach is a painful
oversimplification of what is needed! The trees that already exist,
especially the large ones, are the ones that are contributing to the social,
economic and environmental quality of our communities. (On that note,
does the community even have a tree inventory to indicate the current status of
the urban forest – not the municipal forest but the entire urban
forest?). There seems to be an ever-increasing head-long rush to increase
canopy cover with, what appears to be little regard for the issues I raised
above. Remember, canopy cover alone tells us very little about the state of our
urban forests (nothing about species diversity, size class distribution, tree
condition, etc.). This simplistically appealing approach, I fear, will
shift any focus from meaningful urban forest management/stewardship to a
programme of tree planting. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>If your council
wants to dramatically increase canopy cover I suggest you first ask them why.
Then, if you are convinced they really know, insist that this programme to
theoretically increase canopy cover is funded only after your budgets to
sustain the existing canopy are secure. Then ask them to guarantee that
resources will be available to sustain the trees to be planted in this
expansion programme not for a few years after the guarantee but right up to and
including the removal of the big stump that will be left after a BIG tree
finally must come down.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>Of course
we must plant trees and yes canopy cover is one convenient but simplistic
measure of the extent of our urban forests, but it is incumbent upon us as
urban forestry professionals and stewards to make sure that policy makers don’t
dumb-down the issues to such a degree that the real tasks are left
floundering and, after all the money is spent and the silver-plated shovels
have been put away, the urban forest is less well-off.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>Sorry for
frothing at the mouth and the run –on sentences, but I was on a roll!<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=msolistparagraph><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'>Andy<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#1f497d" face=Calibri><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:normal'><b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;
font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:Tahoma'> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b>Leadbeater, Dale<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> March 17, 2009 6:33 PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> canufnet@list.web.net<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [CANUFNET] CANUFNET
Digest, Vol 52, Issue 6<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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</div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left'><font size=2 face=Arial><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Hello:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>I am working on a plan for the City of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Vaughan</st1:place></st1:City> that is targeting 40% canopy cover,
including urban street trees as well as forest within the core natural heritage
network. We have prepared a draft document that provides the justification
for an outcomes based approach to planning and are in the initial stages of
developing policy. I expect that models like the City of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Toronto Ravine By-Law</st1:place></st1:City> will be most helpful in
pushing the envelope to greater forest cover. We are linking forest cover
to ecosystem services in order to increase value to the developer.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Do you have a justification for the 40%? How did the
recommendation come about? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Dale Leadbeater, B.Sc., B.Ed.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Senior Biologist<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>AECOM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>300 Town Centre
Blvd., Suite 300</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Markham</span></font></st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">ON</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">L3R 5Z6</st1:PostalCode></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>(905) 477 8400 ext. 229<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>dale.leadbeater@aecom.com<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Does anyone have a comprehensive plan developed for their city to
increase <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the canopy cover? The Brantford City Council has directed us to develop
a <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>plan to get to 40% canopy cover for the entire city. We have
begun to <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>assess canopy cover and we conclude that our blvd trees contribute 5%
to <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>the canopy cover of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brantford</st1:place></st1:City>.
Is anyone else working on a similar <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>project? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Brian Geerts <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Urban Forestry Technician<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>City of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brantford</st1:place></st1:City>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Parks & Recreation Department<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font
size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>1 Sherwood Drive</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=2
face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Brantford</span></font></st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">ON</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">N3T 1N3</st1:PostalCode></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>519.756.1500 x5511<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>Fax 519.756.4893 <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:
10.0pt'>bgeerts@brantford.ca<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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