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<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Thank you for the responses, most of which
support the advice we have been providing to the municipality. Our
process is unique in that it is proceeding lock-step with a sustainability plan
that allows us to stipulate management requirements starting with sustainable
planting and management guidelines. The key is that the approach is tied
into achieving economic and social objectives over the long term, therefore, if
the case can be made that the investment in sustainable soils and increased
density will pay off in health benefits, heat sink mitigation and carbon
sequestration/storage, the recommendation will be supported. <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Oakville</st1:place></st1:City> has gone a long
way to demonstrating that, although I don’t know where they are in their
process. They have done such a good job that I know of at least four
other municipalities in southern <st1:State w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ontario</st1:place></st1:State>
that are pursuing similar studies.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I also think that there is a difference
between writing a plan that to ensure that the tree canopy reaches a 40% target
within a certain time frame, and identifying a Vision for the purpose of
writing policy that provides a scientific justification for a requirement that
any forested area in a greenfield development site remain or be compensated for
on a two or three to one basis due to the importance of the ecosystem services
provided by the trees and/or forest. Clearly forests provide addition
functions beyond street trees and many of those functions cannot be
quantified. I am in no way saying that all of the services provided can
be quantified. What we are looking for is a scientifically justifiable
threshold that says that you must <u>aim</u> for these big numbers is you want
to achieve sustainability. So what can we use as an outcome of an urban
forest management policy?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>American Forests have suggested the 40%
for air quality improvement (based on what research?) and clearly that has huge
variability built into it. The question is how much variability? Is
it so great that I will get laughed out of an Ontario Municipal Board hearing
(because I can see I’m going to end up there)? Maybe.
That’s why we have reinforced the argument with research that indicates
that water quality impairment is detectable below 30% cover, and that you
can’t hope to provide habitat for the bird species that should be
breeding in the forest at this location unless we achieve something in the
order of 30% cover – again, numbers with huge variability that are very
site dependant. This target, which includes streetscapes and backyards,
is becoming more meaningful as some of the forest birds we once thought were
strictly rural are moving into the maturing city streetscapes and backyards
(e.g., Cooper’s Hawk).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The other function of a threshold
identified on the basis of identified ecosystem services, is that there is more
than one way to provide some of these services. Carbon storage may be provided
through manipulation of soils and drainage; green roofs and biowalls provide
benefits as well. We have demonstrated what 40% looks like in <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Vaughan</st1:place></st1:City>, and it is no
doubt ambitious. But as properties come up for redevelopment, if we are
not trying to get as close to that number as possible on a City-wide basis,
then the policy to provide more trees, properly planted and maintained is less
compelling.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>So if not these numbers, then what is
defensible? Can 40% be defended, with all of its variability from urban
to rural, if all of the sustainable actions and inventory I’ve heard
suggested are implemented? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:navy'>Dale Leadbeater, B.Sc.,
B.Ed.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:navy'>Senior Biologist<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:navy'>AECOM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=3
color=navy face=Calibri><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:navy'>300 Town Centre Blvd., Suite 300</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><font
color=navy face=Calibri><span style='font-family:Calibri;color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3
color=navy face=Calibri><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;
color:navy'>Markham</span></font></st1:City><font color=navy face=Calibri><span
style='font-family:Calibri;color:navy'>, <st1:State w:st="on">ON</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">L3R 5Z6</st1:PostalCode></span></font></st1:place><font color=navy
face=Calibri><span style='font-family:Calibri;color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:navy'>(905) 477 8400 ext. 229<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoAutoSig><font size=3 color=navy face=Calibri><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:navy'>dale.leadbeater@aecom.com<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
canufnet-bounces@list.web.net [mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Andy Kenney<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Thursday, March 19, 2009
10:02 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> 'Canadian Urban Forest
Network'<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [CANUFNET] Canopy Cover</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Hello CANUFNET,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I agree with Peter that the first step towards managing canopy cover is
to do some inventory work. There are many ways to go about this, and our
experience of late developing a canopy cover estimate for the City of Thunder
Bay might be of interest to all those concerned with urban canopy cover
inventory work.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>1 – Imagery type and resolution: from satellite imagery to aerial
photography there are plenty of options. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>We found current year high res (i.e 50-80 c pixels) colour digital
aerial imagery acquired at a time of year when deciduous trees have leaves the
best for delineating the extent of individual tree canopies. Coupled with high
res imagery Cities typically have on hand collected “leaf off” to
view grey infrastructure to interpret any problem areas we were confident that
urban canopy cover exists where our interpreters looked to classify points.
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>2- Continuous versus point sample approaches to classification of
ground cover types. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Continuous classification requires very high resolution images and lots
of $$. Does it provide better information remains a question. The key to
providing good estimates using point sampling is to have access to good GIS
data in order to provide stratification options that others in this chat have
alluded to – i.e. residential vs. commercial and industrial land use
types; Wards; Neighborhoods, etc. Once strata of interest are selected,
one can measure precision of the estimates statistically and ensure estimates
fall within acceptable margins of error.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>KBM can provide support for any of these approaches. We led all of the
study design, and flew our own aircraft and digital camera set-up for <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Thunder Bay</st1:place></st1:City>; and did all
image processing and interpretation in house. I don’t know of any other <st1:State
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ontario</st1:place></st1:State> forestry
consulting service providers that have/can do this. Most similar <st1:State
w:st="on">Ontario</st1:State> projects to date have relied heavily on support
from the <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>
forest Service.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I invite anyone interested to contact me directly using the coordinates
listed in my e-signature below. Also, Thunder Bay City Forester Shelley Vescio
is open to discussing the <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Thunder Bay</st1:place></st1:City>
project. In fact, she and City Planner Chris Doyle will be presenting the
project methodologies and outcomes at an upcoming ESRI user conference in <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Thunder Bay</st1:place></st1:City> April 28-29
2009:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div align=center>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td valign=top bgcolor="#FAFAFA" style='background:#FAFAFA;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
style='width:100.0%'>
<tr>
<td width="100%" valign=top bgcolor="#FAFAFA" style='width:100.0%;
background:#FAFAFA;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><font size=1
face=Verdana><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana;font-weight:
bold'>ESRI Regional User Conference - <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Thunder Bay</st1:place></st1:City></span></font></b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><font size=1 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana;font-weight:bold'>Date : </span></font></b><font
size=1 face=Verdana><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana'>Apr
28, 09 ~ Apr 29, 09 <b><span style='font-weight:bold'><br>
Venue : </span></b>Valhalla Inn<b><span style='font-weight:bold'><br>
Venue Address : </span></b><st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">1
Valhalla Inn Road</st1:Street>, <st1:City w:st="on">Thunder Bay</st1:City>,
<st1:State w:st="on">ON</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode w:st="on">P7E 6J1</st1:PostalCode></st1:address><b><span
style='font-weight:bold'><br>
Venue Telephone: </span></b>807-577-1121<b><span style='font-weight:bold'><br>
Location : </span></b><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Thunder
Bay</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">ON</st1:State></st1:place><b><span
style='font-weight:bold'><br>
Event Language :</span></b> English</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
style='width:100.0%'>
<tr>
<td width="100%" valign=top bgcolor="#FAFAFA" style='width:100.0%;
background:#FAFAFA;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=1 face=Verdana><span style='font-size:
7.5pt;font-family:Verdana;font-weight:bold'>ESRI Regional User
Conference - <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Thunder Bay</st1:place></st1:City></span></font></b><font
size=1 face=Verdana><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Verdana'><br>
ESRI Canada is pleased to invite you to join other GIS professionals
for this exclusive opportunity to learn about the latest advances in
GIS technology and hear first hand how others in your community are
using a geographic approach in their work.<br>
<br>
The main conference (plenary sessions, user presentations and technical
sessions) will be held on Wednesday, April 29, 2009.<br>
<br>
Enhance your conference experience with a pre-conference workshop.
Workshops will be held on Tuesday, April 28, 2009.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</td>
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</table>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Ben Kuttner, M.Sc.F., R.P.F.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Consulting Forester<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>General Manager – <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Toronto</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>KBM Forestry Consultants Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><a href="http://www.kbm.on.ca/"><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>www.kbm.on.ca</span></font></a></span></font><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
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