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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I am a professional arborist and
run a small company here in rural Alberta. Every year, we remove hundreds of
trees whose only “crime” was being planted in the wrong place. Trees
are too close to houses, buildings, power lines, streets, new sidewalk
construction, fuel tanks, fence lines or other trees, over hot tubs, decks or
patios, block views, create nuisances for neighbours, get old, are falling
apart, or people simply didn’t like them or were afraid of them when they
got too big. Now I assume there are dozens of other arborist companies in Alberta
larger than mine and perhaps hundreds of companies nationwide engaged in
similar urban tree cutting activities on a daily basis. This adds up to
thousands upon thousands of urban and rural trees removed each year, all for
preventable reasons. When we, as professionals, are asked to plant trees whose
mature shape and form we know far exceed the dimensions of the space allotted for
them, is it okay to do so, just because some ‘vested interest”
tells us to? Are trees to be seen as community Green Infrastructure,
whose purpose it is to filter the air, store carbon, create oxygen and shade,
hold soil and slow down storm water, to grow as large as possible and last as
long as possible, or are they simply Green Garnish, to be placed by the dry
side of a busy road in compacted soil, surrounded by concrete and asphalt and
doomed to die in a few years?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>If trees are Green Infrastructure,
then shouldn’t everyone on the urban design team be aware of how to best
maximize the tree resource, and plant the proper trees in the proper spaces, give
them the proper care they need so they can live long and prosper, thereby giving
us the return on our investment that we expect and deserve?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>If trees are merely Green Garnish,
to be rotated and replaced every so often as soon as they are too big, sicken
or die, then what does it matter what initial shape or form they may have? I
have personally witnessed White Spruce being planted on the boulevard of a busy
Alberta tourist town street, and how long will they have to last in that
environment? Why, just a few years, at best!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have heard of arborists being
hired to prune new trees after they were planted so that they might “pass
the City’s inspection”, heading back all except one of the new
trees upper branches, so that the trees might have a “strong central
leader”. Physiologically, removal of too many terminal buds in the newly
transplanted tree will hormonally direct new growth away from the roots, which
the newly transplanted tree needs, to the shoots, which the newly transplanted
tree will have difficulty sustaining. If the original question was how do we,
as urban foresters, create policy to ensure the health of newly transplanted
trees, then any policy which forced a contractor to perform potentially deleterious
pruning such as this, was clearly not pragmatic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Interesting that the CNLA’s Canadian
Standards for Nursery Stock should be referenced. This is a very pragmatic,
clear and useful document precisely because it allows for regional variance
with respect to specific trees. Section 5.2.2, <b>Standard Shade Trees, </b>pages
19-20 of the eighth edition reads: “ trees must have straight sturdy
trunks, with a well branched and balanced head. Branching structure of the head
will vary according to species, height, age and climatic/cultural conditions. A
dominant, central leader will not necessarily be evident or expected at a
certain age of a tree’s maturity or be typical of its natural growth habit.
This form of intermediate or diffuse branching should be recognized and considered
acceptable when bid specifications are given.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Furthermore, the spirit of this
document is clearly outlined in section A, <b>General Requirements , </b>page 6,
A-7, “Quality must be typical for the species when grown under proper
cultural conditions.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have been a member of LANTA, the
Landscape Alberta Nursery Trades Association, our provincial affiliate of the
Canadian Nursery Landscape Association, or worked for a member company, since
1984. I am also a nursery grower, and occasionally attend meetings of the
Alberta Grower’s group, also attended by Mr. Harold Voogd, our Alberta
representative on the Canadian Standards committee. This “healthy tree
definition” has sparked quite the debate in recent months! As the current
Vice President of the Prairie Chapter of the International Society of
Arboriculture, I have been asked by that Board to draft a position paper on the
substance of a “healthy tree definition” and outlining our Chapter’s
position with regard to the Canadian Standards. As the incoming President of
LANTA, I have recieved many complaints from several different members whose
trees have been recently rejected prior to FAC , based on what looks like literal,
arbitrary and inflexible interpretations of the Canadian Standards. I look
forward to the opportunity to contact you directly, Travis, in the coming
days or weeks, as our schedules permit, so that I may hear more of your
side of this controversial topic. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Until then, perhaps we could all
agree with Bill Mollison, the founder of Permaculture, who states: “The
only ethical decision is to take responsibility for our own existence and that
of our children.”? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Yours truly,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'><img width=288 height=166 id="_x0000_i1027"
src="cid:image003.jpg@01CAA2C1.4E9A18B0" alt=ForTreeslogocolour><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>Gerard Fournier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>Board Certified Master Arborist #PR-0130BT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>Tree Canada Community Advisor-Southern Alberta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>President<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>For Trees Company Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>1-877-390-TREE (Alberta toll-free)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'><a href="http://www.fortrees.ca/"><span style='color:blue'>http://www.fortrees.ca</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Travis Kennedy<br>
<b>Sent:</b> January-28-10 11:03 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Canadian Urban Forest Network'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] Healthy tree definition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p><span style='color:blue'>Gerard makes several salient points, in particular
that trees are not naturally high headed. There is no disagreement here that
low branches aid trees in many ways. It's foolish to dispute Darwin. But trees
don't naturally grow beside concrete driveways or within 1.5 metres of
roadways. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style='color:blue'>It's great to propose a tree utopia, but in reality
there are strongly vested interests that do not always agree with what is best
for trees. In an urban setting, we as arborists must make pragmatic choices if
we hope to nurture our urban forests. A low headed deciduous tree in
a busy urban boulevard setting will at worst be torn apart in the first few
years as it begins to grow out into streets and sidewalks. Homeowners are
callously unappreciative of the optimal growth requirements of trees if they
perceive those trees to be in their way; moving trucks and roadway
resurfacing vehicles even less so; perhaps it is the classic case of the wrong
tree in the wrong location.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style='color:blue'>Note that I referred to a blvd setting in the
comment. Perhaps I need to clarify: the comment is not the standard, it is in
reference to a particular site. The comment changes, the standard, which does
allow for decurrent habit, does not. Furthermore, I urge you to read
the standard that I cited in depth. It expands greatly from form to reference
the old CTLA (Now CNLA standards). In particular 2.1.1: "All
materials shall meet the horticultural standards of and comply with, all sections
of the latest edition of the Canadian Landscape Trade Association (C.N.T.A.)
planting specifications". I believe that these standards are national and
developed in direct consultation with Nurseries. There you will also find
reference to the importance of height of branching in street tree bid
specifications.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style='color:blue'>Gerard, please feel free to contact me directly.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>Regards,</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Travis Kennedy, BSc, AIT</span></b>
<br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>River Valley, Forestry and Environmental
Services</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>12304 - 107 Street</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Edmonton, Alberta</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>T5J 2R7</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>p 780 496 4954</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>-----Original
Message-----<br>
<b>From:</b> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b>On Behalf Of </b>For Trees<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, January 27, 2010 10:46 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Canadian Urban Forest Network'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] Healthy tree definition</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>With regard to Travis’
comments, it seems to me that this wording leaves it completely open to
whatever subjective interpretation your inspectors may have on any
particular day, with no recourse whatsoever for the contractors or nurseries
that have their trees rejected. You are basically saying that a tree must
conform to your standards, whatever they may be, right or wrong. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>In point of fact, trees are not
normally high headed, and must be pruned that way in the nursery. Such pruning
is clearly detrimental to the health of the tree, and in most cases, stunts the
growth, reduces taper and trunk strength, and invites disease and poor
compartmentalization, which can lead to trunk cracks, sunscald and several
other defects that I can think of. This is all well researched and documented
in Alex Shigo’s book ‘A New Tree Biology” 1989 and in
“Modern Arboriculture.” 1990. Other researchers such as Gilman have
since written excellent books on the topic of pruning and pruning trees for
urban areas in the nursery, which have been universally accepted by most of the
rest of North America and the world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>And what of trees that do not
normally have a central leader in the Edmonton area? Trees like Green Ash,
Mayday, Schubert, Amur Cherry and Ornamental Crabapples very rarely
possess a “single dominant, well developed leader.” I can only
imagine that very few otherwise healthy trees of these varieties survive your
inspection process!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Even if any particular Urban
Forestry department actually knew what a “healthy tree” was and
could specify this in a way that was “not open to interpretation”,
there is no guarantee that picking a tree simply on the basis of
“good” form will guarantee future good health, especially in a
place where trees are notoriously difficult to grow, such as the Western
Prairies. Planting methods are the single biggest factor influencing the
success of a tree. And while you are perfectly right not to accept a tree
with obvious signs of abuse such as scrapes and broken branches, we continue to
plant the healthiest of trees in the worst of places and blame the tree when it
dies. Trees need room to grow both above and below the ground to sustain
themselves, and usually have neither in most Urban Areas in the world today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Fixating on a tree’s form,
especially when the form is entirely unnatural to the species or variety,
certainly should never be considered the only attribute of potential
good health!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>We obviously need to rethink the
whole notion of “tree health” when Urban Areas are still in the
design process. I believe it is possible to shape cities to conform to
nature, but nature cannot be retrofitted to fit our cities, if our cities are
to be sustainable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Food for thought.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'><img border=0 width=288 height=166 id="Picture_x0020_1"
src="cid:image001.jpg@01CAA2B5.512A2FE0" alt=ForTreeslogocolour><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>Gerard Fournier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>Board Certified Master Arborist #PR-0130BT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>Tree Canada Community Advisor-Southern Alberta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>President<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>For Trees Company Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'>1-877-390-TREE (Alberta toll-free)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:black'><a href="http://www.fortrees.ca/">http://www.fortrees.ca</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Travis Kennedy<br>
<b>Sent:</b> January-27-10 4:17 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> 'Canadian Urban Forest Network'<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] Healthy tree definition<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:blue'>Our Design and Construction standards touch briefly on
"healthy" but add a number of other quality measurements to reinforce
our intent:</span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:blue'>Refer to section 02930 2.2 and 2.3 in <a
href="http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PermitsLicences/D_and_C_landscapsng.pdf">Volume
5</a>: City of Edmonton Design and Construction Standards.</span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:blue'>A design review comment that we like to make on submitted drawings
from developers usually contains some or all of the wording below (this
particular case is in reference to deciduous blvd. material):</span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:blue'>"All trees to be high headed and exhibit a full and uniform
crown, with a single dominant, well developed leader. Trees with broken or damaged
or missing leaders will not be accepted. All plant material must conform to the
City of Edmonton Design and Construction Standards." </span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:blue'>This comment in combination with the standard helps prevent
confusion about what is and isn't acceptable during our CCC / FAC
inspection process.</span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'>Regards, </span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Travis Kennedy, BSc, AIT</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>River Valley, Forestry and
Environmental Services</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:black'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>12304 - 107 Street</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Edmonton, Alberta</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>T5J 2R7</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> <br>
</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>p 780 496 4954</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> </span><span
style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>-----Original
Message-----<br>
<b>From:</b> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net [mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Kowalyk, Bohdan (MNR)<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 25, 2010 7:05 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Canadian Urban Forest Network<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] Healthy tree definition</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:navy'>There are various tree classification systems depending on intent.
For some purposes, it may be appropriate to require confirmation by a
qualified person, subject to an authority’s approval, that a healthy tree
is not likely to degrade in health and functional attributes for at least the
next 15 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:navy'>Bohdan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> canufnet-bounces@list.web.net
[mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net] <b>On Behalf Of </b>SVescio@thunderbay.ca<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 25, 2010 1:02 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> canufnet@list.web.net<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [CANUFNET] (no subject)</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hello out
there,</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Is there an
accepted or standard definition for the term "healthy tree"? We
would like to revise the wording for acceptable condition of trees at final
inspection and do not want the health of a tree open to general interpretation.
Thanks.</span> <br>
<br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Shelley Vescio
RPF</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>City of Thunder
Bay</span> <br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>(807) 625-2473</span>
<br>
<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>(807) 625-3258
(fax)</span> <br>
<br>
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