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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi Sean,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Being from an ag background, I can say the potential for RCW is largely untapped.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The problem with annual applications (not recommended) has to do with Nitrogen immobilization. If the material is too
Carbon rich, all soil N will be used to decompose RCW and will not make it to the roots where it is needed for fresh growth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The actual species of wood being used, moisture levels and chip size of the material would likely affect the outcome.
Part of the N-immobilization could be countered by using compost under the RCW (additional supply of N) but I’m not sure this is really the best way to go.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Some of my old soils profs at the University of Guelph had lots to say about this; I would suggest you try John Lauzon
at Land Resource Science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Alternatively, the Université Laval in Québec City has the best soils faculty in Canada; likely there is someone there
who is currently working on RCW where current research could be available.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hope this helps, kind regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Étienne<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> CANUFNET [mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Sean Cosgrove<br>
<b>Sent:</b> January 19, 2015 11:10 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> canufnet@list.web.net<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [CANUFNET] References for Ramial Chipped Wood \Bois Raméal Fragmenté<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"&apos",serif">Hello, I have current references from francophone Europe on this subject, but is anyone in Canada using or studying this approach? Would love to know.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">Have you ever heard of Gilles Lemieux of Laval University and his research in the 80s and 90's on Ramial Chipped Wood? Bois Raméal Fragmenté ? Ramial Chipped Wood (RCW) is hardwood chipped branches
and twigs lay down as top mulch on a variety of landscapes at that, only every 3 years. There are claims that RCW can boost soil fertility and replace fossil fuel inputs (fertilizers and pesticides)<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-language:FR-CA">[i]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"&apos",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">[i]</span></span>.
There could be potentially be markets in horticulture, agriculture and silviculture. An introduction to RCW is "raw material consists of the twigs and branches of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree" title="Tree"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">trees</span></a> and
woody <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">shrubs</span></a>, preferably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">deciduous</span></a>,
including small limbs up to 7 cm. in diameter. It is processed into small pieces (5-10cm) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">chipping</span></a>, and the resulting product
has a relatively high ratio of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambium_(botany)" title="Cambium (botany)"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">cambium</span></a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">cellulose</span></a> compared
to other chipped wood products. Thus, it is higher in nutrients and is an effective promoter of the growth of soil <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">fungi</span></a> and of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedogenesis" title="Pedogenesis"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">soil-building</span></a> in
general." Wikipedia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">I got this from the Permaculture side. Peter Bane says that "Young growth on woody plants (up to about finger size) is very rich in enzymes, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients…with all species
where this ramial wood (or what the English coppicers call brash) is cut and applied as mulch it breaks down into humus fairly rapidly. Rates of decay are of course influenced by moisture and the degree of soil contact but we should see woody plants as a prime
source of fertilizer and mulch to maintain our garden farms and fields.<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-language:FR-CA">[ii]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family:"&apos",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">[ii]</span></span>"
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.toronto.ca/environment"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="960" height="720" id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image001.png@01D033DA.B4696EC0"></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:FR-CA">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"&apos",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">[i]</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">
Lemieux, Giles, Laval University. </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt">"Fundamentals of Forest Ecosystem Pedogenetics ", British Columbia Ministry of Forestry, Victoria, BC.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;mso-fareast-language:FR-CA">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"&apos",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">[ii]</span></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt">
Bane, Peter, The Permaculture Handbook, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island BC, 2012, Pg. 314</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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