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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-CA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='color:red'><img width=217 height=178 id="_x0000_i1028" src="cid:image014.png@01D0B809.28340A60"></span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#2E2E2E'>Ontario Sets Standards for the Urban Forest</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>By Michael James</span></i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=font8 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'>Ontario’s forestry community has played a significant role in the development of the discipline we recognize the world over as “Urban Forestry.” In fact, the origin of the term “Urban Forestry” as it is known and applied today came from within Ontario’s borders, when it was first employed [1] by Dr. Erik Jorgensen in 1965 while he was faculty at the University of Toronto. He coined the term in order to name the program for a graduate student who was studying aspects of trees in the City of Toronto. Jorgensen first defined the term in writing in 1967: “A specialized branch of forestry that has as its objectives the cultivation and management of trees for their present and potential contribution to the physiological, sociological and economic well-being of urban society. These contributions include the over-all ameliorating effect of trees on their environment, as well as their recreational and general amenity value.” [2] [3]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=font8 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=font8 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'>Today, the cultivation and management of the urban forest is highly influenced by space restrictions in urban sites, where it can be difficult to provide large planters for trees that would give them the soil volume they need to reach maturity. This challenge sometimes leads designers, developers, or planners to simply ignore the soil needs of the trees and plant them in small openings that ensure a short lifespan. Now, however, policy is beginning to play a significant role by requiring planners and designers to meet minimum soil volume requirements for trees on their projects, and Ontario is a front runner in Canada and globally in this effort.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>From Oakville to Toronto, Ontario municipalities are recognizing the need to approach the planning, planting, and care of trees as a form of infrastructure that has a big impact of the sustainability, health, and wellbeing of urban communities. Soil volume requirements that guarantee trees’ access to a minimum amount of growing media are at the core of this effort. To date, five municipalities in Ontario have implemented soil volume standards, more than any other province in Canada.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>In the words Allan Elgar, Councillor for the City of Oakville who lead the effort to implement Oakville’s soil volume standard: “Either you provide the requisite volumes, or you don’t get to build. People need to understand that we’re treating this like water, pipes, or any other type of infrastructure. Now it’s just one more tool in the toolbox.”[4] In light of this policy-driven commitment to providing favorable conditions to trees, we predict that in 25 years Ontario will have one of the most impressive urban forests in North America.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Below is a list of those municipalities in Ontario who are pioneering, in Jorgensen’s words, “the cultivation and management of trees for their present and potential contribution to the physiological, sociological and economic well-being of urban society.” [5]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Guelph</span></b><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Medium tree: 18 m3 (dedicated or shared)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Large tree: 50 m3 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Notes: Applies to all streets in the Planting & Furnishing Zone (located between the sidewalk and the edge zone and provides an additional buffer between vehicles and pedestrians)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Official Document: </span><a href="http://guelph.ca/plans-and-strategies/placemaking/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Downtown Guelph Streetscape Manual, Built Form Standards and St. George’s Square Concept</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Kitchener</span></b><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Small tree (20 cm): 17m3 if single, or 11m3 if shared<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Medium tree (greater or equal to 40cm): 28m3 if single, 18.5m3 if shared<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Large tree (greater or equal to 60cm): 45m3 if single, 30m3 if shared<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Official Document: </span><a href="http://kitchener.ca/en/businessinkitchener/resources/appendixc.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:blue;text-decoration:none'>Urban Forest Details – Tree Planting & Establishment Best Management Practices</span></a><span style='color:#9C6833'> </span><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>(Appendix C of</span><span style='color:#9C6833'> </span><a href="http://kitchener.ca/en/businessinkitchener/Development_manual.asp" target="_blank"><span style='color:blue;text-decoration:none'>Development Manual</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Markham </span></b><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <br>Small tree: 15 m3 (530 ft3)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Medium tree: 23m3 (812 ft3)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Large tree: 30 m3 (1,059 ft3), if single, or 15 m3 (530 ft 3) if shared<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Notes: Minimum soil volume for tree planting in a parking lot island is 15 m3 (530 cubic feet).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Official Document: </span><a href="https://www.markham.ca/wps/wcm/connect/markhampublic/ff71bd1a-5892-4df5-9442-6a99e5bf33b9/t4t_streescapemanual.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ff71bd1a-5892-4df5-9442-6a99e5bf33b9" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Markham, Ontario Trees for Tomorrow: Streetscape Manual</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Oakville </span></b><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>30m3 (1,059 ft3) of soil per tree, or 15 m3 (530 ft3) if in a shared planting trench<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Additional information about the standard in </span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimum-for-street-trees-established-in-oakville-on" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>this interview with Oakville Councillor Allan Elgar </span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Toronto</span></b><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Minimum of 20 m3 (706 ft3) of high quality soil per tree if in a shared planter, and a minimum of 30 m3 (1,059 ft3) of soil per tree if in a single planter <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Official Document: </span><a href="http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/City%20Planning/Developing%20Toronto/Files/pdf/TGS/TGS_2014_Update_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>2014 Update Highlights</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>* to </span><a href="http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=f85552cc66061410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Toronto Green Standard</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>*In 2014, the minimum shared soil volume increased from 15m3 to 20m3 following research and on-site calculations that determined need for increase in order to reach city’s 40% canopy target.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>York Region (currently in trial period)</span></b><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Minimum of 30m3 per tree<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Notes: This soil volume standard is part of the York region’s new Sustainability Matrix, which is currently in a trial period before it becomes official.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Official Document: </span><a href="http://www.brampton.ca/EN/Business/planning-development/guidelines-manuals/Documents/Final%20Comprehensive%20Report.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Measuring the Sustainability Performance of New Development FINAL COMPREHENSIVE REPORT</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[1] Technically, the term “Urban Forestry” itself was first used in 1894 by G.R. Cook in “Report of the general superintendent of parks. Second Annual Report of the Board of Park Commissioners, Cambridge, Massachusetts,” but it is unlikely that Jorgensen was aware of this report at the time he first used the term. Moreover, not only does Cook’s 1894 usage not capture the philosophy embodied in Jorgensen’s definition, but, looking at it now, it sadly prescribes the methodology that is responsible for the spread of DED and Emerald Ash Borer. Cook writes “urban forestry, an art requiring special knowledge, cultivated taste, and a natural sympathy for plant life... Good taste demands the observance of two rules as essential in street tree planting. First, that but one variety of tree shall be planted upon a street, and second, that the trees shall be planted at uniform distances.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[2] Jorgensen, E. 1967. Urban forestry: Some problems and proposals. Toronto: Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[3] See also: </span><a href="http://www.ontarioforesthistory.ca/files/fhso_newsl_vol_1_iss_2_2010.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.ontarioforesthistory.ca/files/fhso_newsl_vol_1_iss_2_2010.pdf</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[4] Soil Volume Minimum for Street Trees Established in Oakville, ON (</span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimum-for-street-trees-established-in-oakville-on" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimum-for-street-trees-established-in-oakville-on</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[5] For further reading on soil volumes, see Soil Volume Minimums for Street Trees Organized by State/Province:</span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimums-organized-by-stateprovince" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimums-organized-by-stateprovince</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> and “Our Recommended Soil Volume for Urban Trees”: </span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/our-recommended-soil-volume-for-urban-trees" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/our-recommended-soil-volume-for-urban-trees</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><i>Do you want to get involved?<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Participate in a </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.cufn.ca/#!canadian-urban-forest-strategy/c1gbp">CUFS Working Group </a></span><span lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US><a href="https://adobeformscentral.com/?f=TQPSA%2AY9exyHZ4tL7nFMJQ">Join the listserv</a></span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US><a href="https://adobeformscentral.com/?f=MWKPwIrHfG4ccUb-zzihoQ">Submit news</a></span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Follow the CUFN on </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="https://twitter.com/CUFNetwork">Twitter</a></span><span lang=EN-US> and </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Canadian-Urban-Forest-Network-CUFN/744724715560322">Facebook</a></span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Contribute updates to our website</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>For more information, please visit: <a href="http://www.cufn.ca">www.cufn.ca</a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:-3;margin-left:481px;margin-top:0px;width:201px;height:82px'><img width=201 height=82 src="cid:image017.jpg@01D0B809.28340A60" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6"></span><![endif]><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><img border=0 width=217 height=178 id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:image014.png@01D0B809.28340A60"></b><b><span lang=FR-CA><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#2E2E2E'>L’Ontario établit des normes pour la forêt urbaine<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><i><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><i><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Par Michael James</span></i><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:8.0pt;color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=font8 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'>La communauté forestière de l’Ontario a joué un rôle important dans l’élaboration d’une discipline qui est reconnue à l’échelle mondiale – la foresterie urbaine. L’expression « foresterie urbaine », telle qu’elle est connue et appliquée maintenant, a vu le jour en Ontario lorsqu’elle a été utilisée par Erik Jorgensen (Ph. D.) en1965 [1] lorsqu’il était membre de faculté à l’Université de Toronto. Il s’est servi de cette expression pour donner un nom au programme pour un étudiant du cycle supérieur qui étudiait les arbres dans la ville de Toronto. M. Jorgensen a défini cette expression par écrit pour la première fois en 1967 comme « un secteur spécialisé des sciences forestières dont l’objectif est la culture et la gestion des arbres en vue d’assurer leur contribution actuelle et future au bien-être physiologique, social et économique de la société urbaine. Sont inclus dans cette contribution, les bienfaits environnementaux, les activités récréatives et les plaisirs que procurent les arbres ». [2] [3]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=font8 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=font8 style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'>De nos jours, la culture et la gestion de la forêt urbaine dépendent beaucoup de l’espace restreint dans les sites urbains, où il peut être difficile de fournir assez d’espace à un arbre planté pour qu’il dispose du volume de sol nécessaire pour atteindre l’âge adulte. Ce défi pousse souvent les aménageurs, promoteurs ou planificateurs à ne pas tenir compte du besoin en sol des arbres et à les planter dans de petites clairières qui ne pourront pas les soutenir jusqu’à maturité. Les politiques actuelles jouent heureusement un rôle plus important en exigeant que les planificateurs et les aménageurs respectent des exigences minimales en matière de volume de sol pour les arbres qui font partie de leurs projets et l’Ontario est un chef de file dans ce domaine à l’échelle nationale et internationale.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>D’Oakville à Toronto, les municipalités ontariennes reconnaissent le besoin de traiter la planification, la plantation et l’entretien des arbres comme une forme d’infrastructure qui a de grosses répercussions sur la durabilité, la santé et le bien-être des communautés urbaines. Les exigences en volume de sol qui garantissent que les arbres auront accès à un milieu de croissance suffisant orientent ces efforts. Jusqu’à date, cinq municipalités ontariennes ont mis en œuvre des normes en matière de volume de sol, ce qui dépasse toutes les autres provinces du Canada. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Selon Allan Elgar, un conseiller de la ville d’Oakville qui a dirigé les efforts pour mettre en œuvre des normes relatives au volume de sol à Oakville : « Vous devez fournir le volume requis ou vous ne pouvez pas bâtir. Les gens doivent comprendre que nous traitons cette question avec la même importance que l’eau, les conduites ou tout autre type d’infrastructure. Nous avons maintenant un outil supplémentaire dans la boîte d’outils. » [4] Compte tenu de cet engagement politique à fournir des conditions favorables pour les arbres, nous prédisons que dans 25 ans, l’Ontario aura une des forêts urbaines les plus impressionnantes en Amérique du Nord.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Vous trouverez ci-dessous une liste des municipalités ontariennes qui préconisent, comme Erik Jorgensen, « la culture et la gestion des arbres en vue d’assurer leur contribution actuelle et future au bien-être physiologique, social et économique de la société urbaine ». [5]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Guelph</span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Arbre moyen : 18 m<sup>3</sup> (un arbre seulement ou plusieurs arbres plantés ensemble)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Grand arbre : 50 m<sup>3</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Remarque : Ceci vise toutes les rues dans la zone de plantation et d’aménagement (située entre le trottoir et la limite du terrain et fournissant une zone tampon additionnelle entre les véhicules et les piétons)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Document officiel : </span><a href="http://guelph.ca/plans-and-strategies/placemaking/" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>City of Guelph Downtown Streetscape Manual, Built Form Standards and St. George’s Square Concept</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Kitchener</span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Petit arbre (20 cm) : 17 m<sup>3</sup> pour un seul arbre, ou 11 m<sup>3</sup> pour plusieurs arbres plantés ensemble<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Arbre moyen (au moins 40 cm) : 28 m<sup>3</sup> pour un seul arbre, 18,5 m<sup>3</sup> pour plusieurs arbres plantés ensemble<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Grand arbre (au moins 60 cm) : 45 m<sup>3</sup> pour un seul arbre, 30 m<sup>3</sup> pour plusieurs arbres plantés ensemble<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Document officiel : </span><a href="http://kitchener.ca/en/businessinkitchener/resources/appendixc.pdf" target="_blank"><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Urban Forest Details – Tree Planting & Establishment Best Management Practices</span></a><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833'> </span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>(Annexe C du</span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833'> </span><a href="http://kitchener.ca/en/businessinkitchener/Development_manual.asp" target="_blank"><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Development Manual</span></a><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Markham </span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <br>Petit arbre : 15 m<sup>3</sup> (530 pi<sup>3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Arbre moyen : 23 m<sup>3</sup> (812 pi<sup>3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Grand arbre : 30 m<sup>3</sup> (1 059 pi<sup>3</sup>) pour un seul arbre, ou 15 m<sup>3</sup> (530 pi<sup>3</sup>) pour plusieurs arbres plantés ensemble<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Remarque : Le volume minimal de sol pour la plantation d’arbres dans un îlot de stationnement est de 15 m<sup>3</sup> (530 pi<sup>3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Document officiel : </span><a href="https://www.markham.ca/wps/wcm/connect/markhampublic/ff71bd1a-5892-4df5-9442-6a99e5bf33b9/t4t_streescapemanual.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ff71bd1a-5892-4df5-9442-6a99e5bf33b9" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Markham, Ontario Trees for Tomorrow: Streetscape Manual</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Oakville </span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>30 m<sup>3</sup> (1 059 pi<sup>3</sup>) de sol par arbre, ou 15 m<sup>3</sup> (530 pi<sup>3</sup>) pour plusieurs arbres plantés ensemble<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Vous trouverez de plus amples renseignements sur cette norme dans </span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimum-for-street-trees-established-in-oakville-on" target="_blank"><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>cette entrevue avec le conseiller d’Oakville Allan Elgar</span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'>.</span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'> </span></a><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Toronto</span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Au moins 20 m<sup>3</sup> (706 pi<sup>3</sup>) de sol d’excellente qualité par arbre si plusieurs arbres sont plantés ensemble, et au moins 30 m<sup>3</sup> (1 059 pi<sup>3</sup>) de sol pour un seul arbre <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Document officiel : </span><a href="http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/City%20Planning/Developing%20Toronto/Files/pdf/TGS/TGS_2014_Update_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>2014 Update Highlights</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>* to </span><a href="http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=f85552cc66061410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Toronto Green Standard</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>*En 2014, le volume minimal de sol pour un site où plusieurs arbres sont plantés ensemble a augmenté et est passé de 15 m<sup>3</sup> à 20 m<sup>3</sup> à la suite de recherches et de calculs sur le terrain qui ont déterminé le besoin d’accro</span><span lang=FR-CA style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'>ître le volume afin d’atteindre l’objectif de 40 % de couvert forestier de la ville.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'>Région de York (en période d’essai)</span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Au moins 30 m<sup>3</sup> par arbre<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Remarque : Cette norme de volume de sol fait partie de la nouvelle matrice de durabilité de la région de York, qui fait présentement l’objet d’une période d’essai avant de devenir officielle<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>Document : </span><a href="http://www.brampton.ca/EN/Business/planning-development/guidelines-manuals/Documents/Final%20Comprehensive%20Report.pdf" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>Measuring the Sustainability Performance of New Development FINAL COMPREHENSIVE REPORT</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>[1] Techniquement parlant, l’expression « foresterie urbaine » a été utilisée pour la première fois en 1894 par G.R. Cook dans le <i>Report of the general superintendent of parks – Second Annual Report of the Board of Park Commissioners, Cambridge, Massachusetts</i>, mais il est peu probable qu’</span><span lang=FR-CA style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#2E2E2E'>Erik </span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Jorgensen ait entendu parler de ce rapport au moment où il a lui-même utilisé cette expression. De plus, l’expression, telle qu’utilisée par G.R. Cook en 1894, ne reflétait pas la philosophie faisant partie de la définition de M. Jorgensen. Si on examine maintenant ce que G.R. Cook voulait transmettre, il s’agissait plutôt de la méthodologie qui est responsable de la propagation de la maladie hollandaise de l’orme et de l’agrile du frêne. M. Cook déclare que « la foresterie urbaine est un art qui exige des connaissances spécialisées, un goût cultivé et une sympathie naturelle pour les plantes… Un bon goût exige le respect de deux règles qui sont essentielles pour les arbres de rue. D’abord, une seule variété d’arbres doit être plantée sur une même rue, puis les arbres doivent être plantés à une distance uniforme. »<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[2] Jorgensen, E. (1967). <i>Urban forestry: Some problems and proposals</i>. </span><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>Toronto : Faculté de foresterie, Université de Toronto.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'>[3] Voir aussi : </span><a href="http://www.ontarioforesthistory.ca/files/fhso_newsl_vol_1_iss_2_2010.pdf" target="_blank"><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.ontarioforesthistory.ca/files/fhso_newsl_vol_1_iss_2_2010.pdf</span></a><span lang=FR-CA>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[4] <i>Soil Volume Minimum for Street Trees Established in Oakville, ON</i> (</span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimum-for-street-trees-established-in-oakville-on" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimum-for-street-trees-established-in-oakville-on</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>)</span>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='vertical-align:baseline'><span style='color:#2E2E2E'>[5] Pour vous renseigner davantage sur les volumes de sol, consultez <i>Soil Volume Minimums for Street Trees Organized by State/Province </i>: </span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimums-organized-by-stateprovince" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/soil-volume-minimums-organized-by-stateprovince</span></a><span style='color:#2E2E2E'> et <i>Our Recommended Soil Volume for Urban Trees</i> : </span><a href="http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/our-recommended-soil-volume-for-urban-trees" target="_blank"><span style='color:#9C6833;text-decoration:none'>http://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/our-recommended-soil-volume-for-urban-trees</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><i><span lang=FR-CA>Voulez-vous être de la partie?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=FR-CA style='font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=FR-CA>Participez à un </span><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.rcfu.ca/#!strategie/c6jg"><span lang=FR-CA>groupe de travail de la SCFU </span></a></span><span lang=EN-US> </span><span lang=FR-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 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href="http://www.rcfu.ca"><span lang=FR-CA>www.rcfu.ca</span></a><span lang=FR-CA>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:171pt;margin-top:8.5pt;width:170.25pt;height:44.25pt;z-index:-4;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style='mso-ignore:vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:-6;margin-left:484px;margin-top:11px;width:202px;height:82px'><img width=202 height=82 src="cid:image016.jpg@01D0B809.28340A60" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7"></span><![endif]><span lang=FR-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>*************<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#1F497D'>Adrina Bardekjian</span></b><span lang=FR-CA style='color:#1F497D'>, MFC, PhD <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR-CA style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Program Manager, Urban Forestry | Gestionnaire des programmes en foresterie urbaine<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Tree Canada/Arbres Canada<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>470 rue Somerset St. West/ouest |Ottawa, ON K1R 5J8 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'><a href="abardekjian@treecanada.ca">abardekjian@treecanada.ca</a> / <a href="abardekjian@arbrescanada.ca%20">abardekjian@arbrescanada.ca</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'><a href="http://treecanada.ca/">treecanada.ca</a> / <a href="http://arbrescanada.ca/">arbrescanada.ca</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'><br></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#E36C0A'>Growing better places to live </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'>| </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#E36C0A'>Des environnements plus sains prennent racine</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.treecanada.ca/"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=304 height=79 id="Picture_x0020_0" src="cid:image019.png@01D0B809.28340A60" alt="EngFr_treemiddle.png"></span></a> <a href="http://www.cufn.ca/"><span style='color:windowtext;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=145 height=119 id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image020.jpg@01D0B809.28340A60" alt="Urban Forest Network.jpg"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>