<div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal">Hi Alan and all,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is a great discussion. We have worked with several municipalities
in BC to develop canopy targets and have used a range of approaches. There was
a time when the 40% ‘benchmark’ from American Forests was widely used. The
original blogpost that published that benchmark has completely disappeared leaving
us with nothing to support it and demonstrating the lack of science behind it. There
is a void in canopy benchmarking and it would be a really useful tool. The
question of ‘what is the optimal canopy cover we should be targeting to maximize urban forest benefits’ is
often asked and it would be great to have a study similar in scope to that
described by Peter Duinker and with the addition of using zoning/land use to
break down the benchmarks further.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When working with municipalities to develop targets, we have relied a mixture of art and science:</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The nation-wide US study of urban forest canopy
cover that reports canopy cover as being primarily explained by ecoregion type,
population density and land use - the average cover in forested ecoregions was 34% (Nowak, D.; M.H. Noble; S.M. Sisinni; J. F.
Dwyer. 2001. Assessing the US Urban Forest Resource. Journal of Forestry, 99
(3), 37-42);</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The municipality’s existing canopy cover by land
use type, its underlying ecology, population density, anticipated future growth
and plantable areas;</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>The municipality’s aspirations/values drawn from
community engagement (i.e., a municipality that wants to be a leader in the
field may choose a more aggressive target for communication even if it will be
difficult to achieve);</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>We project canopy loss and gain forward for the
entire study area using averages from the municipality’s existing resource to set achievable targets (and planting rates) by land use/zoning;</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>In small cities in forested ecoregions, ‘vacant
land’ tends to be forested leading to higher canopy cover baselines than in
prairie regions. However, that land is likely to be developed in the future,
which is why it’s so important to set targets by land use so that the strategy
anticipates those losses with replacement planting in new development areas,
roads etc.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As some interesting examples for setting aspirational but
achievable targets in grassland ecoregions:</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>City of Melbourne set a target to double its
canopy cover from 20% to 40% by 2040. This is aspirational but likely achievable
because it is a target for public realm only (i.e., their target only applies
to the land they have control over – citywide canopy cover is actually closer
to 10%)</p>
<p class="">-<span style="font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>City of Calgary has a target to increase canopy
cover to 20% (currently 8%) but it is to be achieved at a rate of 1% per decade
increase (their well-treed, established communities do sit around 20%).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It would be great to have more research work done on this
topic for Canada regionally.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br></p><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><p style="line-height:21.2999992370605px;margin:0px 0px 1.35em;color:rgb(68,68,68);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:15px"><b style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:10pt;line-height:18.9333px">Amelia Needoba | Senior Urban Forester, PMP, ISA Cert. Arb</b><br></p><span style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(153,153,153)"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt">3551 Commercial Street</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font color="#999999" style="line-height:normal"> | Vancouver | V5N 4E8<br style="line-height:18.9333324432373px"></font></span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;line-height:18.1760005950928px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(147,196,125)"><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(106,168,79)"><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(56,118,29)"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;color:rgb(61,133,198)"><a href="http://www.diamondheadconsulting.com/" style="color:rgb(0,104,207);line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-weight:inherit" target="_blank">Diamond Head Consulting</a></span></span><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(61,133,198)"><a href="http://www.diamondheadconsulting.com/" style="color:rgb(0,104,207);line-height:18.1760005950928px;font-weight:inherit" target="_blank"><b style="line-height:18.1760005950928px"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt"></span></b></a></span></span><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(61,133,198)"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.1760005950928px"></span></span></span><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.8000001907349px;line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(147,196,125)"><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="line-height:18.1760005950928px;color:rgb(153,153,153)"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;color:rgb(147,196,125)"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;color:rgb(153,153,153)">P <span style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;color:rgb(11,83,148)"><u style="line-height:18.9333324432373px"><a href="tel:604.733.4886" value="+16047334886" style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank">604.733.4886</a></u><u style="line-height:18.9333324432373px"> ext. 33</u></span> F <span style="line-height:18.9333324432373px;color:rgb(11,83,148)"><u style="line-height:18.9333324432373px"><a href="tel:604.733.4879" value="+16047334879" style="color:rgb(17,85,204)" target="_blank">604.733.4879</a></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Jun 22, 2016 at 8:44 AM, Charlotte Young <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:charlotte@envision-synergy.net" target="_blank">charlotte@envision-synergy.net</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-CA" link="blue" vlink="purple"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Greetings everyone,<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">I was the facilitator for several workshops on Toronto’s “canopy study” several years ago. While I can’t comment on the decision to work towards 40% coverage (I suspect, as the threads have said, it was somewhat arbitrary), participants did identify the land uses they thought were most suitable for increasing coverage to get to the 40%. I recall especially “commercial” and “industrial” lands holding the highest potential. Have we made progress here? I would love to know.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Charlotte Young<u></u><u></u></span></p><div style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0cm"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Charlotte Young, Ph.D.; Facilitator/Graphic Recorder/Evaluator<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">envision…SYNERGY/PICTURE your Thoughts<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">120 Dewhurst Blvd.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Toronto ON M4J 3J6 Canada<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><a href="http://www.envision-synergy.net/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0563c1">www.envision-synergy.net</span></a>; <a href="http://www.pictureyourthoughts.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0563c1">www.pictureyourthoughts.com</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">phone: <a href="tel:416-778-4713" value="+14167784713" target="_blank">416-778-4713</a>; fax:<a href="tel:416-778-1956" value="+14167781956" target="_blank">416-778-1956</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><div style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0cm"><span style="color:#1f497d"><a href="mailto:charlotte@envision-synergy.net" target="_blank">charlotte@envision-synergy.net</a><u></u><u></u></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> CANUFNET [mailto:<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net" target="_blank">canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Alex Satel<br><b>Sent:</b> June 22, 2016 10:16 AM<br><b>To:</b> 'Canadian Urban Forest Network' <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" target="_blank">canufnet@list.web.net</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] tree canopy target<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Hi Alan (and all),<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">I think the very fact that we aren’t able to jump forward with a quick reference to why 30% is “good” but, say, 25% isn’t, supports what Dr. Duinker has already said – these targets are rarely based on science or even high-level assessments of what is possible or reasonable.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">The 40% canopy cover target that’s been adopted by many communities seems to go back to a publication by American Forests, which set that level as “optimal” for US cities east of the Mississippi. I can’t dig up the publication as the link I had to it on AF’s website is broken. That same publication set lower targets for western regions (somewhere in the order of 20-30%, I believe). I honestly can’t recall the basis behind those figures. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">It seems that urban forest managers and decision makers have decided to run with targets within that range for any number of reasons, not the least of which is that they probably just ‘seem’ reasonable and achievable. I think a lot of it also has to do with what Dr. Duinker said – peer behaviour. Communities are constantly benchmarking against each other – it wouldn’t look good for community X to set a target of 24% if neighbouring community Y has a target of 35%, even if community X had done an exhaustive potential canopy cover study and found 24% to be a realistic target based on its potential carrying capacity. I’ve even heard of one community that set its target because “30 by 2030” (or was it 40 by 2040? I can’t recall) had a nice ring to it and was sellable. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Your question again raises valid issues with these high-level canopy cover targets: <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p><u></u><span style="font-family:Symbol;color:#1f497d"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:#1f497d">are they achievable (how much canopy can we actually cram into this urban area)? <u></u><u></u></span></p><p><u></u><span style="font-family:Symbol;color:#1f497d"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:#1f497d">Would they actually translate to tangible increases in benefits (and therefore, should we even be trying to achieve them)? <u></u><u></u></span></p><p><u></u><span style="font-family:Symbol;color:#1f497d"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:#1f497d">When we say 30% or 40%, what do we really mean (is that 30% averaged across the entire area, where forest stands can be 95% canopy but neighbourhoods where people actually live only 10%)? <u></u><u></u></span></p><p><u></u><span style="font-family:Symbol;color:#1f497d"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:#1f497d">Does focusing on increasing canopy detract resources and attention from other important urban forest management activities (risk management, protecting existing trees, etc. etc.)?<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><u></u><span style="font-family:Symbol;color:#1f497d"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><u></u><span style="color:#1f497d">and on and on…<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Cheers,<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Alex<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Alex Satel, MFC<u></u><u></u></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">ISA Certified Arborist ON-1353A<u></u><u></u></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Urban Forest Innovations, Inc.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">1248 Minnewaska Trail<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Mississauga, ON L5G 3S5<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">P: <a href="tel:%28905%29%20274-1022" value="+19052741022" target="_blank">(905) 274-1022</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue"><a href="mailto:asatel@ufis.ca" target="_blank">asatel@ufis.ca</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:blue"><a href="http://www.urbanforestinnovations.com/" target="_blank">urbanforestinnovations.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"><img border="0" width="153" height="73" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D1CC7B.6389BD30" alt="UFI new logo very small"></span><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="m_2226624023809537433__MailEndCompose"></a><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> CANUFNET [<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net" target="_blank">mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Andres Olaya<br><b>Sent:</b> June-22-16 8:00 AM<br><b>To:</b> Canadian Urban Forest Network<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] tree canopy target<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d">Good morning colleges:<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d">I’ve found this interesting article (World Health Organization web site) that might give us some answers:<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d"><a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/174012/1/9789241508537_eng.pdf?ua=1" target="_blank">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/174012/1/9789241508537_eng.pdf?ua=1</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d">Have a great day.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:gray"><br></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:gray">Andres Olaya</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:gray"><br></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:gray">Forestry Information Analyst, Central Operations</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:gray"><br></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:gray">Parks & Open Space</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d">Town of Oakville</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d">| <a href="tel:905-845-6601%2C%20ext.2900" value="+19058456601" target="_blank">905-845-6601, ext.2900</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d">|</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="http://www.oakville.ca/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">www.oakville.ca</span></a> <u></u><u></u></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0082bf">Vision: To be the most livable town in Canada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Webdings;color:silver"><br></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d">Please consider the environment before printing this email.<br></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.oakville.ca/privacy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#7d7d7d">http://www.oakville.ca/privacy.html</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> CANUFNET [<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net" target="_blank">mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Peter Duinker<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, June 21, 2016 2:05 PM<br><b>To:</b> Canadian Urban Forest Network<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [CANUFNET] tree canopy target<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Greetings Alan:<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Canopy targets for a city or town are, in my view, fairly arbitrary and definitely not generalizable. I hold the view that targets are never scientifically based because they depend on people to express preferences and are therefore value-based. The target-setting exercise can be scientifically informed, of course. In the case of urban-forest canopy, one might expect an analysis of current canopy coverage and its benefits, as well as a range of forecasts detailing how many more trees it would take to get to a specific canopy coverage, and what would be the benefit stream associated with each scenario of canopy coverage. I have never seen this done.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">One could look at the question this way: what factors influence the setting of a canopy target? Factors might include: (a) the current canopy, which is presumably lower than the target; (b) the cost, in terms of new trees established, to get to a specific canopy target at a particular future year; (c) the prospects that the cost predicted can be covered from the various budgets available; (d) the increase in benefits associated with the targeted canopy cover; and (e) what other cities and towns are doing in this respect. While (a) through (d) are sensible factors, (e) is less so, but I’ll bet that many urban-forest strategies are based on peer behaviour when it comes to canopy targets. Perhaps it boils down to this: how much canopy cover would we ideally want? Probably much, much more than we have today. But how much canopy cover can we realistically hope to achieve in the next decades? Probably some smallish fraction of the ideal. So let’s pick a number that seems achievable and gets us substantially more canopy than we have today.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I would be most interested to know if anyone is using a more sophisticated approach than this.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Best wishes, Peter Duinker</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Peter N. Duinker, PhD, P.Ag.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Professor<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">School for Resource and Environmental Studies<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Faculty of Management<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dalhousie University<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">6100 University Ave.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">B3H 4R2<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Phone: <a href="tel:902-494-7100" value="+19024947100" target="_blank">902-494-7100</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Cell: <a href="tel:902-229-5141" value="+19022295141" target="_blank">902-229-5141</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Fax: <a href="tel:902-494-3728" value="+19024943728" target="_blank">902-494-3728</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Email: <a href="mailto:peter.duinker@dal.ca" target="_blank">peter.duinker@dal.ca</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="http://www.dal.ca/faculty/management/sres/faculty-staff/our-faculty/peter-duinker.html" target="_blank">http://www.dal.ca/faculty/management/sres/faculty-staff/our-faculty/peter-duinker.html</a></span><u></u><u></u></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> CANUFNET [<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net" target="_blank">mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Alan Kemp<br><b>Sent:</b> June 21, 2016 1:11 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'Canadian Urban Forest Network' <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" target="_blank">canufnet@list.web.net</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> [CANUFNET] tree canopy target<u></u><u></u></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The City of Nanaimo has an Urban Forest Management Strategy. In that Strategy we have a target of increasing our forest canopy to over 30% in the next decade. Of course this is difficult in the urban setting. Our Management and Protection of Trees Bylaw supports this document by requiring tree replacement plans for development, which in general terms works. However, I was asked why 30% or even 35%? What is the scientific reasoning behind that. Although I can explain all the benefits of an urban forest, I could not really give a good science based answer. I have looked through a lot of literature, but don’t seem to be able to give a reasonable answer.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Any suggestions?<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif">Alan Kemp<u></u><u></u></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif">Urban Forestry Coordinator<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif">Certified Arborist, Certified Tree Risk Assessor<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif">Community Development<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif">City of Nanaimo<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif"><a href="tel:250%20755%204460" value="+12507554460" target="_blank">250 755 4460</a> (local 4357)<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif"><a href="mailto:alan.kemp@nanaimo.ca" target="_blank">alan.kemp@nanaimo.ca</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif"><a href="http://www.nanaimo.ca/goto/urbantrees" target="_blank">www.nanaimo.ca/goto/urbantrees</a><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><br>
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