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<div align="center"><span lang="EN-CA"><span lang="EN-CA" style="line-height: 25.68px;">
<div style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="line-height: 25.68px;"><b>Research needs in urban forestry in Canada</b></span></div>
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<em><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Jacques Larouche, f.eng<br>
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<em><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Laval University, August 8th, 2017.</span></em></div>
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<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">More than 80% of Canadians live in an urban setting. The urban forest, which comprises green spaces found in or around municipalities, offers many benefits, including pollutant and atmospheric
particulate sequestration, energy conservation and reduction of surface water runoff. However, urban trees live in a difficult environment and must face problems, such as contaminated soil, compacted soil, de-icing salts and motor vehicle activity, which hinder
their development. To make the public more aware of urban forests, Tree Canada developed in 2006 the Canadian Urban Forest Strategy. This Strategy was renewed in 2012 and updated in 2015. Among its tasks is an assessment of short-term and long-term research
needs and priorities in urban forestry.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;"><b>Objective</b></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">This study aimed to define the current urban forestry situation of Canadian municipalities of 5000 inhabitants or more, specifically their city's urban forest management structure as well as
their research needs and their expectations of the various organizations involved in this sector.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;"><b>Methodology</b></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">To acquire the information needed and achieve our objective, we carried out a survey, from April to July 2015, among the people responsible for urban forestry in 719 Canadian municipalities
of 5000 inhabitants or more.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;"><b>Outcomes</b></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">We received 192 answers from 167 municipalities of 5000 inhabitants or more. This data was analyzed, taking into account all 192 respondents.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;"><b>The municipalities' current situation</b></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">The municipalities' current concerns relate to tree planting, potential hazards presented by trees, maintenance of urban forests and non-native insects. We also found that the funding and human
resources allocated to urban forestry are insufficient to ensure the sustainability of this resource, and that the public knowledge of urban trees could be improved. In the future, municipalities will need to focus on inventories, non-native pest management,
funding, growing conditions and public awareness.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;"><b>The management structure of urban forestry</b></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">Those primarily responsible for the urban forest within a municipality are, in order of importance, department heads, forepersons and managers who are not necessarily involved in forestry matters.
In general, the people most often involved are administrators, other professionals, foresters and forestry technicians. In smaller municipalities, professionals holding positions in non-forestry fields are mainly responsible for the urban forest while in larger
municipalities, the opposite is true. In most cases, urban forestry working groups include 1 to 5 persons. More than half of the municipalities have an urban forest management program. The bigger the municipality, the more chances that it will have such a
program. The most common sources of information on the urban forest are, in order of importance: colleagues, Internet, consultants, International Society of Arboriculture, symposiums and journal articles.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;"><b>Identifying the current research needs in urban forestry</b></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt;">The study helped us identify the most important research needs (Figure 1). Other research needs included soil mixtures and planting holes. As for research projects currently happening within
municipalities, most (pest management, invading plants and selection of forest species) are included in the ten research needs that most interest the municipalities, according to our survey. Urban forestry research projects most often take place in the larger
municipalities.</div>
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Figure 1. Research needs of Canadian municipalities of 5000 inhabitants or more</td>
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<strong>The role that various organizations should play in urban forestry</strong></div>
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The government of Canada as well as the provincial and territorial governments are expected to provide funding for urban forestry programs. Generally speaking, the development of pest management strategies is seen as the most important role for urban forestry
scientists. And respondents think that urban forestry organizations should be offering training on the urban forest, facilitating the transfer of knowledge and sharing achievements.</div>
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<strong>Conclusion</strong></div>
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The ten most important research needs identified by the respondents are linked to their most pressing issues: tree planting, potential hazards presented by trees, maintenance of urban forests, non-native insects and biodiversity. Future challenges that are
related partly to the ten needs include pest management and better tree growth. Funding and human resources issues are not related directly to the research needs identified but these issues are important at every level, and specifically to carry out research
projects.</div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "trebuchet ms",verdana,helvetica,sans-serif;">
There are already many ongoing or completed research projects. The people responsible for green spaces do not however seem to know about a lot of the research being done in urban forestry. This suggests that this research is not adequate or does not meet the
research needs of the respondents, or there is a gap in the knowledge transfer between the researchers and the people who should benefit from the research.</div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "trebuchet ms",verdana,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Another study is needed to better understand why there is a gap between the needs identified and the research being carried out. Does it have to do with the staff turnover in the smaller municipalities? Is the information better communicated in the larger cities
where there are working groups dedicated to urban forestry? Or do the people responsible for the management of green spaces lack interest or time because trees are only one of many issues they must deal with?</div>
</div>
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<div> </div>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: cambria,serif;"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 14pt;"><b><span class="Title" lang="FR-CA" style="color: #425010; font-size: 18pt; font-family: "trebuchet ms",verdana,helvetica,sans-serif;">Les
besoins de recherche en foresterie urbaine au Canada </span><br>
</b></span></b></span>
<div class="Title" style="color: #425010; font-size: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: cambria,serif;"><b><b>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: #425010; font-size: 12pt; font-family: cambria,serif;"><b><b>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: #425010; font-size: 12pt; font-family: cambria,serif;"><b><b>
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<span lang="FR-CA" style="color: #425010; font-size: 12pt; font-family: cambria,serif;">
<div style="display: inline !important;"><span lang="FR-CA"><b><b>
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<em><span lang="FR-CA">Jacques Larouche, ing.f.<br>
</span></em></div>
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<em><span lang="FR-CA"><font size="2" color="000000" face="Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="fr-CA"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman,serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><font size="2" color="#1F497D" face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="en-CA" style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></font></span></font></span></span></font>Université
Laval, 8 août 2017.</span></em></div>
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</span></div>
</b></div>
</b></b></span></div>
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<span lang="FR-CA">
<div style="color: #000000;">Au Canada, plus de 80 % des habitants vivent dans un environnement urbain. La forêt urbaine, comprenant les espaces verts se trouvant dans les municipalités, ou adjacents à celles-ci, offre plusieurs bienfaits, dont la séquestration
de polluants et de particules atmosphériques, la conservation de l'énergie et la réduction des eaux de ruissellement. Cependant, les arbres en milieu urbain vivent dans un environnement difficile et des facteurs comme les sols contaminés, les sols compactés,
les sels de déglaçage et l'activité des véhicules automobiles nuisent à leur bon développement. Afin de sensibiliser la population aux forêts urbaines, Arbres Canada a développé en 2006 la Stratégie canadienne sur la forêt urbaine. La stratégie a été renouvelée
en 2012 et mise à jour en 2015. L'une des activités prévues au programme est d'évaluer les besoins et les priorités de recherche à court et à long terme en matière de foresterie urbaine. </div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><strong>Objectifs</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;">Les objectifs poursuivis dans cette étude visaient à préciser la situation actuelle des municipalités canadiennes de 5 000 habitants et plus en termes de foresterie urbaine, en particulier l'organisation de sa gestion par les villes,
de même que leurs besoins de recherche et leurs attentes quant à l'implication des différentes organisations impliquées dans ce domaine. </div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><strong>Méthodologie</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;">Pour obtenir les informations nécessaires et répondre aux objectifs, nous avons réalisé une enquête, d'avril à juillet 2015, auprès des responsables des forêts urbaines dans les 719 municipalités du Canada de 5 000 habitants et
plus. </div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><strong>Résultats</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;">Nous avons reçu 192 réponses provenant de 167 municipalités de 5 000 habitants et plus. Les données ont été analysées en tenant compte de l'ensemble des 192 répondants.</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><strong>Situation actuelle des municipalités</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;">Les préoccupations actuelles des municipalités concernent la plantation d'arbres, la dangerosité des arbres, le maintien de la forêt urbaine et les insectes exotiques. Nous constatons aussi que le financement et les ressources humaines
alloués à la foresterie urbaine sont insuffisants pour assurer la pérennité de la ressource et que les connaissances de la population face à l'arbre urbain pourraient être améliorées. Pour les enjeux futurs, les questions d'inventaire, de lutte contre les
ravageurs exotiques, de financement, de conditions de croissance des arbres et de sensibilisation du public à l'arbre urbain sont des éléments sur lesquels les municipalités devront se pencher. </div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><strong>Organisation de la gestion de la foresterie urbaine</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;">Les principaux responsables de la forêt urbaine dans les municipalités sont, dans l'ordre, les chefs de service, les contremaîtres et les directeurs autres que ceux de la foresterie. En général, les professions les plus souvent
rencontrées chez les responsables sont administrateurs/gestionnaires, autres professionnels, forestiers professionnels et techniciens forestiers. Dans les plus petites municipalités, les professionnels autres que ceux associés à des postes forestiers forment
la plus grande proportion, alors que dans les grandes municipalités, c'est l'inverse qui est observé. Dans la grande majorité des cas, les équipes de travail en foresterie urbaine se composent de 1 à 5 personnes. Plus de la moitié des municipalités possèdent
un programme de gestion des forêts urbaines. Plus les municipalités sont grandes, plus elles sont nombreuses à posséder un tel programme. Les sources d'information sur la forêt urbaine les plus communes sont dans l'ordre : les collègues, l'Internet, les experts-conseils,
la Société internationale d'arboriculture, les colloques et les articles de revue.</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><strong>Identification des besoins de recherche actuels en foresterie urbaine</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000;">L'étude nous a permis d'identifier les besoins de recherche (Figure 1). Dans les autres besoins de recherche mentionnés, il y a un intérêt pour les mélanges de sols et les fosses de plantation. Pour ce qui est des activités de recherche
en cours dans les municipalités, la plupart (gestion des ravageurs, les plantes envahissantes et le choix des espèces forestières) se retrouvent parmi les 10 besoins suscitant le plus d'intérêt identifiés dans notre enquête. C'est plus souvent dans les grandes
municipalités qu'il existe des projets de recherche en foresterie urbaine.</div>
<div><span lang="FR-CA"><br>
</span></div>
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<div align="center"><img name="ACCOUNT.IMAGE.525" width="588" vspace="0" border="0" hspace="0" alt="" src="https://mlsvc01-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/a7dc0313201/ffa7e2a8-427f-409a-9194-2a17e252e748.png"> </div>
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<td class="imgCaptionText" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color: #425010;">Figure 1. Les besoins de recherche des municipalit_s canadiennes de 5 000 habitants et plus</td>
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<div><span lang="FR-CA">
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Rôle que devraient jouer différentes organisations en foresterie urbaine</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;">Le rôle attendu des gouvernements du Canada de même que des gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux est le financement de programmes en foresterie urbaine. En général, le développement de stratégies de lutte aux
ravageurs est considéré comme le rôle le plus important que devraient jouer les chercheurs scientifiques en foresterie urbaine. Enfin, les rôles attendus par les répondants pour les organisations qui s'occupent de la foresterie urbaine sont d'offrir des activités
de formation sur la forêt urbaine, du transfert de connaissances et le partage de bons coups.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;"> </div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Conclusion</strong></div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;"><br>
</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;">Les dix besoins de recherche les plus importants identifiés par les répondants rejoignent leurs préoccupations les plus importantes, qui sont la plantation d'arbres, la dangerosité des arbres, le maintien de la
forêt urbaine, les insectes exotiques et la biodiversité. Pour les enjeux futurs, seules la lutte contre les ravageurs et l'amélioration de la croissance des arbres correspondent en partie à un de ces dix besoins. Les enjeux de financement et de ressources
humaines ne correspondent à aucun besoin de recherche, mais ces ressources sont importantes à tous points de vue, notamment pour effectuer des projets de recherche.</div>
<div style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;">Il y a déjà beaucoup de travaux de recherche en cours ou réalisés. Cependant, les responsables d'espaces verts ne semblent pas au fait d'une bonne partie de ces recherches en foresterie urbaine. Ceci semble indiquer
que les recherches sont inadéquates et qu'elles ne répondent pas aux besoins des répondants ou qu'il y a un manque de transfert de connaissances entre les chercheurs de ce domaine et les utilisateurs.</div>
<div><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt;">Il faudrait approfondir dans une autre étude pourquoi il y a un manque d'adéquation entre les besoins exprimés et les recherches en cours. Est-ce que c'est le roulement du personnel dans les plus petites municipalités?
Est-ce que l'information circule mieux dans les grandes villes où il y a des équipes dédiées à la foresterie urbaine? Ou bien est-ce un manque d'intérêt ou un manque de temps des responsables d'espaces verts qui ne s'occupent pas des arbres à temps plein?</span><br>
</div>
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</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: cambria,serif;">
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<div style="font-size: 10pt;"><strong>For more information, pleas</strong><strong>e contact | </strong><strong style="font-size: 10pt;">Pour tout autre information, s'il vous plaît contacter</strong></div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt;"><b><br>
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<div style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span lang="FR-CA">Adrina Bardekjian</span><span lang="FR-CA">, MFC, PhD</span></div>
</b>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span lang="FR-CA">Program Manager, Urban Forestry | Gestionnaire des programmes en foresterie urbaine</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span lang="EN-CA">Tree Canada/Arbres Canada</span></div>
<div><a shape="rect" href="mailto:abardekjian@treecanada.ca" target="_blank" style="color: #6e7e57;">abardekjian@treecanada.ca</a> / <a shape="rect" href="mailto:abardekjian@arbrescanada.ca" target="_blank" style="color: #6e7e57;">abardekjian@arbrescanada.ca</a></div>
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