<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">To my Canadian Friends:<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Stock piling and Reusing soil does maintain a
serviceable soil for urban trees. It has been the standard for as long as I
have been in the profession. Ecological perfection is not the goal just
reasonably good tree growth which we see in these soils. Note that I will
not using the term “topsoil”, a highly abused term. I will use organic soil referring to the
layer that was harvested from the top of the soil profile and with a higher
organic content. 2-3% dry weight is fine for trees and wordy shrubs.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">The number one issue is stopping the soil
screening process, particularly damaging in the silt soils in southern Ontario.
The other issues are how the sub grade is prepared or abused, how the organic
soil is spread and how deep and how it is compacted. Too often the sub grade is
compacted and or graded with a smooth sub grade surface. Then a thin layer of organic soil maybe 4-6
inches deep is spread to support grass and small shrubs. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Solutions:
<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial, sans-serif" class="">Idea one is too spread and or grade the last foot
of subsoil with a rough chunky surface. This
upper subsoil layer should not be compacted greater than 85-90%. It is difficult to control this idea since
the engineers write the grading specification.
Spread the unscreened organic soil at least a foot deep and to the depth
of the rootball for a distance of at least 15 feet diameter at each tree. Or
better, make the entire soil profile of organic soil the depth of the root ball.
You can add compost to the surface but don’t overdo it below 4-6” deep. Preventing
compaction across the soil profile or loosening what is there in a way that
keeps chunks and lumps in all the soil is critical. </font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">STOP using soil mixes! FULL STOP! If you have to buy soil, get it from the
supplier’s soil pile of the soil, they collect to use in their soil mixes. Do
not worry about the organic soil quality. These soils are all local soils and
as-long-as they are brown or dark brown with the minimum soil organic matter
and a pH that is appropriate for the plants.
In southern Ontario that will be a very high pH 7.5-8.5. The tighter you make the soil spec the more
things will get screwed up and go south.
The project manager will reject the sample and testing results. I
would just call your soil supplier and ask them for test results from their recent
soil collections and use the numbers in those soils as the basis for the spec. then widen out the windows of each testing
parameter enough to accept just about any soil in southern Ontario. Accept the roots, wood chunks, rocks, and
construction debris that will be in that pile. It is the removal of debris that
kills the soil. A rebar or chunk or concrete or asphalt never harmed a tree. I
have written specifications for all this for Toronto many years ago but not
sure how the evolved after that My thinking has evolved on that
specification. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Dealing with deep compaction is the most
difficult part. Do not use a roto tiller. Tillers never go deep enough and are
very damaging to the soil, as bad as the soil screener. Use the “soil profile
rebuilding” process developed by Susan Day at UBC in Vancouver for sites where
there is soil even compacted subsoils. She has lots of information and specifications
for this process. She just digs up the
soil profile with a backhoe and drops it back into place. Your soils are organic enough, even your
subsoils, that you might not need to add compost but that would be a project-by-project
decision.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">You might think that this will add to the cost
for all that organic soil. Actually,
unscreened soils from stockpile is much cheaper per Cubic meter than soil mixes
currently being used. And you might say
well we would quickly use up all the soil available. If I start with a native soil site there is
at least a foot or more of organic soil.
Most development projects will cover at least 75% of the site with
buildings and paving. If you spread a
foot of the soil or even two feet of soil at the end of the project you will the
net at 50-75% of the site area with left over organic soil to use on another project. If you can stockpile the initial organic soil
on site, the soil cost is free and it is just the installation cost.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">This introduces a different type of soil problem,
that fact that there is typically not enough space to store the needed soil. The organic soil needs to be harvested at the
beginning of the project and re-spread at the very end. Here is where you need the soil
supplier. Do not try to have them save
your soil for your job. It adds too much
complexity for very little or no gain.
Work with your supplier and establish a relationship to get what you
need when you need it.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Here are my summary recommendations:</span></p><blockquote style="margin: 0 0 0 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Where you can design the
site grading to preserve existing soil resources in place.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">If you have the room
stockpile existing soil on site.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Where possible use soil
profile rebuilding to prepare the subgrade and upper soil profile layers.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">If you need additional
organic soil purchase unscreened soil.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">If the subgrade has been
graded and or compacted use soil profile rebuilding (SPR) to prepare the
subgrade. Add more organic soil either
before you do SPR or after.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">If there is no soil on site
use the same methodology as above only with unscreened imported soils.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">For soil over structure
take all the above principles and use them, but with greater care to get very
chunky soils which will drain well. In southern
Ontario there is very little sandy loams.
You may have to resort to soil mixes to convince the architect that the
soil will drain but there are ways to make it work it is just more complex.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">For storm water
management soils, the above ideas do work but we have a long way to go to
convince the engineers that unscreened soils will drain fast enough. They actually do! I will leave that political
problem to some of the more interested people on this thread.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">9.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class="">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Fight hard to get rid of
overly complicated soil spects. There are
almost no soils in southern Ontario that will not work. This will take quite a bit of education with
government people to move the bar on public projects.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">10.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";" class=""> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Learn more about soil and become proficient on the important parts
of soil that should be included in the discussion. Rudimentary soil testing should be at the end
of the list. Subgrade conditions, soil samples with the clumps
intact, should be the top of the process.
Touch, feel, smell the soil at the source supply before you buy it.</span></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Call or email me if you need to discuss further.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">Jim Urban, FASLA, ISA<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class="">410 693 9053<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="mailto:Jimtree123@gmail.com" class="">Jimtree123@gmail.com</a><o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif" class=""> </span></p>
<!--EndFragment--><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Oct 5, 2021, at 1:55 PM, pwassenaer1022--- via CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: ArialMT; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Not in my experience but perhaps others on this list could indicate if they have seen it in their jurisdictions.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Philip<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Philip van Wassenaer, B.SC., MFC<o:p class=""></o:p></span></b></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Urban Forest Innovations Inc.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">1331 Northaven Drive<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Mississauga ON L5G 4E8<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Tel: (905) 274-1022<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Cell: (647) 221-3046<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Fax: (905) 274-2170<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><span id="cid:image002.jpg@01D7B9F0.B5ACA880"><image002.jpg></span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><a href="http://www.urbanforestinnovations.com/" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">www.urbanforestinnovations.com</a><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;" class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Naomi Zurcher via CANUFNET<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>October 5, 2021 2:31 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Canadian Urban Forest Network <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>><br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Naomi Zurcher <<a href="mailto:treerap@sprintmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">treerap@sprintmail.com</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [CANUFNET] Trees and boulevards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Philip - as I had indicated, I thought this should at least be possible with Public Infrastructure projects.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Is it being required for projects on public lands?<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""><br class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></div><blockquote style="margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;" class="" type="cite"><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On Oct 4, 2021, at 10:37 AM, pwassenaer1022--- via CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Ha ha ha….entirely possible but who will impose that and enforce it on the development community?<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">In my experience the development community has an inordinate amount of sway over municipalities and things related to development. Until that changes, these things will remain “possible” but will not be implemented…<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Philip<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;" class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">From:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" class="">CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet-bounces@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet-bounces@list.web.net</a>><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Naomi Zurcher via CANUFNET<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>October 4, 2021 10:08 AM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Canadian Urban Forest Network <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>><br class=""><b class="">Cc:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Naomi Zurcher <<a href="mailto:treerap@sprintmail.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">treerap@sprintmail.com</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [CANUFNET] Trees and boulevards</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Why can’t municipalities require that any and all construction must remove existing topsoil in lifts and thoughtfully store that topsoil for re-installation on the same site. This should be entirely possible at least on public infrastructure projects.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><blockquote style="margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;" class="" type="cite"><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On Oct 1, 2021, at 1:34 PM, Oliver Reichl via CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49);" class="">“Nowadays developers remove all of the precious topsoil from the land before building a new subdivision, then bring back enough topsoil to support the new sod.“</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49);" class=""><br class=""><br class=""><br class=""></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(49, 49, 49);" class="">That’s been standard practice in the GTA for decades. Can a municipality regulate soil volumes?</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On Fri, Oct 1, 2021 at 11:12 AM Trevor Thistle via CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin: 5pt 0cm 5pt 48pt;" class="" type="cite"><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Hi Ian, <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Here in Edmonton I have been working almost exclusively with tree conservation during Neighborhood Renewal (NR) for 13 years. NR is the process of reconstructing all sidewalks, curbs and streets in a neighborhood, as well as adding missing infrastructure. <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">In our oldest neighborhoods I feel that trees growing in boulevards with separate sidewalks (curb on one side, sidewalk on the other side of the tree) have not really been impacted by the perceived restricted growing area, with the exception of roots literally engulfing curbs or overlapping sidewalks. I believe that the reason for this is that the construction standards that were in place decades ago (between neighborhood establishment and the time the sidewalk was last replaced) allowed for the construction of sidewalks on top of organic soil. So, in most cases, the trees had little challenge accessing soil beyond the boulevard. <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">However, new construction standards include a gravel base and mechanical compaction under sidewalks. Also, greenfield construction is not what it used to be. Nowadays developers remove all of the precious topsoil from the land before building a new subdivision, then bring back enough topsoil to support the new sod. In these cases, regardless of the sidewalk design (mono or seperate) the trees do not have enough soil volume to support them. We do amend soil volumes with trenches in separate boulevards, but these are trenches in clay with still inadequate soil volumes. So my point is, depending on construction practices and standards, the configuration of the sidewalks in relation to the trees may have less impact on soil growing space than we think. <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">but I would agree that trees in a more free to grow state, with little or no barriers to quality soil will outperform a tree in restricted growing space, and there will be fewer infrastructure / tree conflicts. This means that we will minimize tree related damages to infrastructure and construction related damages to trees in order to maintain that infrastructure. <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class="">Trevor Thistle</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><b class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class=""> </span></b></span><b class=""><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(32, 33, 36);" class="">Bsc. Forestry</span></b><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">Urban Forester | PR-4760AM | Tree Risk Assessment Qualified</b><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(81, 81, 81);" class="">OPEN SPACE OPERATIONS</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(81, 81, 81);" class="">CITY OPERATIONS | PARKS AND ROADS SERVICES</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class="">780-944-5577</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""> OFFICE</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" class="">780-913-5893</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" class=""> MOBILE</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(81, 81, 81);" class=""><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/City+of+Edmonton%C2%A0+12830+58+Street+NW?entry=gmail&source=g" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">City of Edmonton </a></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(81, 81, 81);" class=""><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/City+of+Edmonton%C2%A0+12830+58+Street+NW?entry=gmail&source=g" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">12830 58 Street NW</a></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On Wed, Sep 29, 2021 at 9:21 AM Ian Wilson via CANUFNET <<a href="mailto:canufnet@list.web.net" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">canufnet@list.web.net</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin: 5pt 0cm 5pt 4.8pt;" class="" type="cite"><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">All, we are having a bit of an internal debate about standards for local/residential roads and boulevards. My observation is that trees that are planted in a boulevard behind a monolithic sidewalk (sidewalk up against the curb and planting area next to the property) generally do better. They have access to more soil volume in the front yard, they get more water and the boulevard is tidier since the homeowner treats it like part of their yard. Also fewer issues with roots lifting sidewalks. Some of our staff prefer the separated treed boulevard, for various reasons. Note, I’m not talking about busier roads where the trees in boulevards help to form a barrier from traffic.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">We don’t have a lot of good examples here that directly show a comparison. Does anybody have some photos that might show the performance of trees on one side of the road in a separated boulevard, vs. trees on the other side behind the sidewalk?</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">Below is an example that doesn’t exactly show this, but it does show the value of soil volume, with the trees on the left side being able to access the lawn area behind the sidewalk, vs. the trees in “coffins” on the right. These are lindens planted at the same time.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""><span id="cid:image003.jpg@01D7B9F0.B5ACA880"><image003.jpg></span></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 115, 207);" class="">Ian Wilson</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; color: rgb(38, 38, 38);" class=""><br class=""></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;" class="">Infrastructure Operations Manager | City of Kelowna<br class="">250-469-8842 |<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:iwilson@kelowna.ca" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">iwilson@kelowna.ca</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;" class="">Submit a request for service on the go |<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://kelowna.ca/" target="_blank" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">kelowna.ca</a></span><o:p class=""></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><i class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; background-color: white;" class="">I acknowledge that my workplace is located on the traditional, ancestral, unceded territory of the syilx/Okanagan people</span></i><i class=""><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;" class="">.</span></i><o:p class=""></o:p></p><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><br class=""><i class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" class="">The contents of this message and any attachment(s) are confidential, proprietary to the City of Edmonton, and are intended only for the addressed recipient. If you have received this in error, please disregard the contents, inform the sender of the misdirection, and remove it from your system. The copying, dissemination, or distribution of this message, if misdirected, is strictly prohibited.</span></i><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">--<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Oliver K. Reichl, B.E.S.(Hons)<br class="">-----------<br class="">Sent from my mobile phone.</div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></body></html>